World Trade Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

World Trade Organization - Essay Example As an business community organization, its main focus is set upon creating a uniform set of trade rules between nations that will ensure a smooth, efficient, trustworthy, and assured business transaction among member nations. As an advocate of free and global trade, WTO gives consumers the opportunity to have a greater market for demand and choice of various products as imported from various nation suppliers. The end result, as the organization envisions it, is supposed to be a more balanced, prosperous, peaceful, and accountable economic world. Balance and accountability in the economic world... That statement carries a tremendous weight in the WTO. As such, the organization also functions as a dispute settler among its member countries in relation to their trade agreements. To quote: Trade friction is channelled into the WTO's dispute settlement process where the focus is on interpreting agreements and commitments, and how to ensure that countries' trade policies conform with them.

Chronicle of a Summer Essay Example for Free

Chronicle of a Summer Essay Ethnofiction is a term that is used to provide a new contemporary sound to an older terminology (neologism) particularly dealing with docufiction (a term coined from the combination of the words documentary and fiction film). In visual anthropology, ethnofiction refers to ethnography or the genre of writings which gives an elucidating study or point of view regarding human societies. Predominantly, the results of the holistic research method are presented by ethnography and can be used in ethnofiction. In addition to this, ethnofiction also consists of both formal and historical connections. A lot of cultural anthropologists and ethnologists are using ethnofiction in their works and consider it as the essence of discipline. Jean Rouch, the most renowned ethnologists, specifically considered as the â€Å"father of ethnofiction† was able to understand and discover that in making events which are registered by the camera. Consequently, the camera in this scenario or scene becomes a participant. Due to practice, research and documentaries are lavished with the idea of using cameras. This is in accordance to Rouch’s aim of furthering his goals, objectives and introduction of the actor as a tool in the film or in Rouch’s research. According to Brian Quist, through Jean Rouch â€Å"a new genre (of filmmaking) was born†. Jean Rouch is an innovative French director who definitely fathered the movement called cinema-verite. Jean Rouch’s style of filmmaking is a spontaneous one that blurred between or consists of educational, ethnographic and fiction film. Rouch filmed in many West African countries where he was able to train and support actors, cameramen, technicians and directors. One of his apprentices was Safi Faye. The African filmmakers that Jean Rouch promoted did not in the end become avant-garde cinema-verite directors, largely because they could not afford to take ten or twenty hours of rushes to produce a 45-minute feature, but he may have had an effect in other ways. When he set out to produce history he adopted a version of ethnographic realism. In 1975 he filmed a story situated in the late 19th century, â€Å"Babatou† , â€Å"les trios conseils†, with a crew of technicians from Niger and on the basis of a script written by the historian Boubou Hama. Following his work habits, he developed only minimally the dialogue, which the actors fleshed out by improvisation on location. The team travelled around to find a suitable location. The problem was to find places that had not changed in a hundred years, without corrugated metal roofs or plastic containers. Without further safeguards this solution is illusory, because the sun-baked clay houses of the savannah rarely survive one hundred years and what appears old now may be an environment radically transformed during the colonial period. Jean Rouch’s search still reveals more concern for historical authenticity, compared to the shortcuts that Kabore takes, but is inspired by the same supposition that in Africa the actual looks like the historical once you remove from it what is ostensibly European origin (Bickford-Smith and Mendelsohn 20). Jean Rouch’s aesthetic is guided by the effort to produce ethnographic estrangement. Rouch celebrated film â€Å"Les Maitres fous† (1955), filmed in Ghana among migrant workers from Niger who undergo a possession ritual, is very much a display of radical difference, even if recorded with humor and respect. As such, it goes very much against the grain of how most West African intellectuals would like to see their cultural heritage presented to outsiders, the main reason, I think, why many of them do not like Rouch’s films. West African films look different and show the culture in a different way. There are statelier in rhythm and style and less adventurous in form. They also present their characters as likeable and not wild. â€Å"Cinema-verite† is translated as â€Å"Film truth† in French. Cinema-verite is as style of filmmaking that uses the camera as a protagonist, as a catalyst for action (Kahn 185). In addition to this, it is derived from Dziga Vertov’s â€Å"Kino-pravda† a documentary film series in the Soviet Union of the 1920s, wherein it was important that the film audience realized it was watching a film, not reality. The term was coined by Jean Rouch together with the help of Edgar Morin while making â€Å"Chronique d’un ete† (1961) with newly developed, portable cameras and Nagra sound recorders. In this film interview, subjects of Rouch and Morin get to watch and comment on footage of themselves. The term â€Å"cinema-verite† also implies that the filmmakers try to avoid manipulating documentary truth, but it has often been confused with â€Å"Direct Cinema† which is a movement which emphasized â€Å"objectivity† over â€Å"reflexivity of cinema-verite†. The term â€Å"verite† is used in Hollywood to denote a style of shooting to achieve the effects of veracity and immediacy or the jerky, hand-held camera and grainy out-of-focus texture (Barnard et al. 377). In the early 1960s, technical advances made it possible for small crews to produce synchronous-sound location films. The equipment encouraged some filmmakers to record actions and events as detached observers, naively assuming that they were not significantly influencing the actions being followed. The so-called American direct cinema of Richard Leacock, Robert Drew, the Maysles brothers (Albert and David), and the others helped to define this kind of documentary. Eventually, it led to what is known today as observational-style film, which became so attractive for some ethnographic filmmakers (Ruby 12). Jean Rouch on the other hand, having founded the cinema-verite, obviously adopts the opposite approach unlike the previously mentioned ethnographers of filmmakers. Jean Rouch aim in cinema-verite is to have the subjects reveal their culture. The use of the camera as a character in the films he made was due to the fact that he felt that the presence of the camera could provoke a cine trance for his subjects. In â€Å"Chronicle of a Summer† (1961), the filmmakers combined the ideas they have borrowed from Flaherty with those of Soviet film theorist and practitioner Dziga Vertov. Rouch brought the cameras and his filmmaking style into Paris streets for impromptu encounters in which the filmmaking process was often a part of the film, with filmmakers and equipment in frame. Consequently, the actions of Jean Rouch and his works lead to an immediate notice or significant influence to the films of French New Wave directors such as Jean-Luc Godard and Chris marker, whose film â€Å"Le Foli Mai† is a direct response to â€Å"Chronicle of a Summer†. Rouch’s influence in the United States was not immediate unlike that of the France because so few of his films were accessible (Ruby 12). Rouch has persistently continued with his style and to develop his collaborative approach over a forty-year period in a number of films made with West Africans. Some criticized certain early efforts, Such as â€Å"Les Maitres Fous† (1955), as ethnocentric because of an assumed overemphasis on the bizarre, but others celebrated it as definitive surrealist film (Ruby 5). However, his intentions was to produce a â€Å"shared anthropology† in which those in front of the camera shared the power with the director. This idea reached an apex with his so-called ethnographic science fiction films, such as â€Å"Petit a Petit† (1968), â€Å"Cocorico†, â€Å"Monsieur Poulet† (1983) and â€Å"Madame l’Eau† (1992). Rouch is not alone in France in his adventurous experiments in collaboration. In 1964, George Rouqier produced a film about a year in life on a farm as lived by his relatives. In his film, the subjects were asked to enact their lives which is kind of ethnodocudrama. Although it was screened at the 1947 Venice Film Festival as a French form of neorealism, it has been virtually ignored by the United States anthropologists. Jean Rouch is also not alone when it comes to his interests in pushing the limits of documentary realism. For example, the United States anthropologist Robert Ascher experimented with drawing directly on film to produce a â€Å"cameraless† interpretation of a myth which is considered to be a technique found in experimental art films. As with Rouch, his efforts have been ignored. Stoller contends that Jean Rouch is a premature postmodernist. However, it should be considered that Rouch’s work in multivocality and reflexivity has been ignored by the so-called crisis of representation and writing culture folks. Their lack of understanding of Rouch’s many contributions to the postmodern debates that have obsessed anthropology in recent years perhaps the best example of how marginalized ethnographic film is to the mainstream of cultural anthropology. Other anthropologists who disagree with Rouch’s filmmaking style and contributions simply do not see his work as contributing to their interests (Ruby 13). From his works and style in enthnofiction, as observed in his â€Å"Chronicle of a Summer†, a certain concept of ethnofiction can be identified. However, before reaching that fruitful conclusion or concept, Jean Rouch had to perform several tests or experiments in filmmaking, particularly exploring the subject matter or aspects of ethnofiction. Based from his works and experiments, five characteristics can be deduced. First, is the â€Å"thorough ethnographical research† (Quist 9) which can be observed in his films such as â€Å"Les maitres fous† and Batille Sur Le Grand Fleuve†. Second, ethnofiction consists of â€Å"truthful circumstances and accurate documentation† (Quiest 9). Third, ethnofiction â€Å"utilizes the cinema’s need for story as well as dramatic curve† (Quiest 9) which can be observed in Jean Rouch films such as â€Å"The Lion Hunters†. Fourth is the characteristic, on Rouch’s term, â€Å"cine-trance† which have been previously mentioned or discussed. Commonly, â€Å"cine-trance† is referred to as â€Å"improvisation†. The fifth characteristic of ethnofiction, and probably the most important part of the films and considerations of Jean Rouch is â€Å"participant reaction† which can be observed in â€Å"Chronicle of a Summer† (Quist 9). After the establishment of the five characteristics of ethnofiction, there was a need for Jean Rouch to develop a single film that would encompass all these five characteristics of ethnofiction. Jean Rouch pursued an ethnofiction film that would incorporate all these characteristics. The film noted in Quist analysis is â€Å"Jaguar† which was completed and released in 1967. This film became the classic example for ethnofiction film because it encompassed or included all the five characteristics of ethnofiction perfectly. This comprehensive ethnofiction film instantly gained fame and became renowned not only in Africa but also to film festivals worldwide (Quist 10). Jean Rouch’s perseverance however does not stop at the success of â€Å"Jaguar†. He continued honing his skills until the five characteristics of ethnofiction became very familiar with him and his films. He continuously endeavoured in order to improve the cinema-verite which he and Morison founded. He also continued making films to influence other filmmakers and to introduce different or varieties of culture from the point of view of its subjects. Jean Rouch’s perseverance, efforts and success are really remarkable that he definitely lives to the expectations of those who look up to him. His influences and his contributions to the filmmaking industry really justifies Jean Rouch as â€Å"father of ethnofiction†. Works Cited Barnard, Tim, Timothy Barnard, and Peter Rist. South American Cinema: A Critical Filmography, 1915-1994. USA: First University of Texas Press Printing, 1996. Bickford-Smith, Vivian, and Richard Mendelsohn. Black and White in Colour: African History on Screen. UK: James Currey Ltd, 2007. Kahn, Hillary E. Seeing and Being Seen: The Qeqchi Maya of Livingston, Guatemala, and Beyond. USA: The University of Texas Press, 2006. Quist, Brian. Jean Rouch and the Genesis of Ethnofiction. Long Island University. Ruby, Jay. Picturing Culture: Explorations of Film and Anthropology. USA: The University of Chicago, 2000.

Importance Of Consumer Attitude Toward Advertising In Smartphones Marketing Essay

Importance Of Consumer Attitude Toward Advertising In Smartphones Marketing Essay The exponential increase of smartphones in the last two years has created unique marketing opportunities for the advertising world. Lack of academic research in the realm of smartphones, and the fragmented and controversial results of studies in the field of conventional mobile advertising, insist on the need for further research in the field. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the consumer attitude toward smartphone advertising, in order to learn how consumers perceive smartphone advertisements. The study was conducted among the US consumers. A thorough review of academic literature on advertising in general, conventional mobile advertising and consumer perceptions to both set the foundation of this thesis. Using this foundation, a research framework of consumer attitudes in the context of smartphone advertising was, then, constructed. The results of the analyses indicate that all the attitudes of conventional mobile marketing affect smartphone advertising as well, and these attitudes differ with different kinds of advertisements. The attitudes are likely to be positive when the mobile advertiser has targeted actual needs of customers. This implies that mobile advertising should be based on service rather than selling. Moreover, the consumer attitudes toward internet advertising strongly correlate with that of smartphone advertising, which suggests the potential replicating of the online Ad-revenue model in the smartphone marketing. Emotional attachment appears to have no influence on the attitude toward smartphone advertising. Additionally, the results of the study show that incentives have a strong positive effect toward consumer behavior. Therefore, incentives must be used by marketers to gain user permission and acceptance for the advertisements. Keywords: smartphone advertising, mobile marketing, consumer behavior, attitudes, incentives, advertising, emotional attachment Introduction The recent rise in smartphones, coupled with advances in wireless information technologies, has placed users in a ubiquitous computing environment, with access to and possibility of exchange of information anywhere and anytime through these smartphones. The ability to see rich content on a smartphone and the larger extent of interactivity possible on it, coupled with GPS capabilities of smartphones, provides the marketers a potentially strong channel for advertising. However, for the advertising efforts to be rightly focused and, in turn, to succeed, knowledge of consumers perceptions towards these advertisements is essential. This research aims to study the consumer perception of advertising in smartphones, using the US consumers as the test case, drawing from academic theory on advertising in general, conventional mobile advertising and consumer perceptions to both. The reason US population is chosen is because smartphone penetration is still very low in other countries, and US has the second highest smartphone penetration in the world  [1]  , which provides a good base for research. This chapter is organized as follows: First, a background of the field of advertising that has recently focused a lot of interest on digital advertising on the internet and the mobile phones, followed by, a review of the recent popularity of smartphones and the growth of the smartphone industry. The importance of investigating the consumer attitude toward smartphone advertising is then emphasized, and the additional opportunity for advertising available on smartphones highlighted. Next, the research problem is defined and the structure of the research study is presented. 1.1. Background Traditional advertising media has undergone rapid change, as the technological developments have given rise to numerous new marketing media. Traditional media has diminished in the last few years due to inroads by online competitors. New media types, like the internet, then the mobile phone, and now recently the smartphone, have emerged, offering greater and greater possibilities of interaction with the consumers. However, in order to effectively benefit from using the mobile marketing channel, the unique characteristics of the mobile and the behavior of consumer interaction with this channel need to be understood. Another major development in the advertising industry has been the increase in empowerment of the consumers in advertisements. The wide-spread availability of the internet means that consumers can compare product offerings and prices before making a buying decision. Additionally, with increasing use of social media, they also share their experiences with others. The contemporary consumer is informed, connected and active (Prahalad 2004). Resultantly, consumers now expect the companies to do more than just delight them, which has resulted in companies advocating greater for their customers (Urban 2004). This means that companies are pushing harder with their marketing efforts, looking for channels that provide more interaction with the consumers: companies are re-inventing marketing services (Mitchell 2006). Communication options have increased in number. The internet has been used as a marketing channel for some time, but the use of mobile phone, and recently the smartphone, as marke ting mediums is still recent. 1.2. Rise of smartphones Mobile phones have increasingly become feature-rich and more sophisticated, since their explosion in popularity. The recent phones come with greater features to supplement, or even replace, other devices such as mp3/video players, digital cameras, and PDAs  [2]  . This technological advancement has given birth to the smartphone, a device that brings together the mobile phone and the PDA. Smartphones are more than mobile phones. They come packed with a diverse range of features and functionalities, which makes them a mobile information center and entertainment device for the user. They commonly include features such as a full-featured QWERTY keyboard, web browser, e-mail, multimedia capabilities, touch screen, built-in cameras, music players, Global Positioning System (GPS) navigation software and even the ability to read and edit Word, Excel and PDF format documents, making them an excellent all-in-one substitute for variety of other devices. Certain models have enough processor power to run complex software applications such as enterprise CRM software and car navigation softwares. Another feature rapidly becoming common is the instant messaging. As such, the definition of a smartphone, or what constitutes a smartphone, is constantly evolving. Mobile phones went from zero in the global population in 1982 to 3.3 billion in 2008, serving about half the worlds population (Alexandros Labrinidis, University of Pittsburgh computer science professor, Feb 2010). A growing majority of the population now expect to be nearly always connected and to be reachable almost instantly via e-mail. The smartphone is the instrument of that connectedness, both as a communications tool and as a status symbol (Lohr 2009). Smartphones have risen in popularity almost instantaneously, due mainly to the fact that they offer the ultimate in connectivity (Figure 1). They provide connectivity not just via phone communication, but are able to connect to the internet at almost any location via network internet services. This means that users never have to face the prospect of going without phone, email, or access to social networks. Smartphones represent a small, yet rapidly growing, segment of the mobile market. Smartphone sales at 17.5 million units in 2004 accounted for 3% of the worldwide sales of 684 million handsets (Kang 2010). This represents a significant jump from the 8.2 million units sold in 2003. The demand for smartphones is growing rapidly in the recent years. In Q3 2010, the number of smartphone units sold globally increased to 77 million, an increase of 78% y-o-y (n.d. 2010). The smartphone sales are forecasted to reach 350 million units in 2012 (Kang 2010), about 40% of total handset sales. By 2012, smartphones will, resultantly, outship the global notebook and global PC market (Meeker 2010). Figure 1. Global Smartphone Sales Source: McKinsey: Exploring Mobiles Digital Future: Smartphone and Access, 2012 This increase in smartphone use, coupled with advances in wireless information technologies, has placed users in a ubiquitous computing environment, with access to and possibility of exchange of information anywhere and anytime through these smartphones. The ability to see rich content on a smartphone and the larger extent of interactivity possible on it, coupled with location tracking due to phones GPS capabilities, provides the marketers an opportunity for greater interaction with the consumers, enabling them to provide better content and making the consumers more probable to view the advertisements. Smartphones offer marketers unique opportunities to influence consumers at the very moment they are considering their purchase decisions and comparing the product prices. Companies and marketers are, therefore, working harder than ever on ways to deliver product marketing and services over smartphones. The smartphones, thus, increasingly serve as both the engine and the vehicle for sha ring product information. Media and advertising executives expect more than a quarter of media time and spending to move away from traditional channels, while mobile and social media advertising are seen gaining steam (Goncalves 2009). The smartphones are becoming less and less about wireless online and highly as personal and customized medium. While the general media environment is typically full of noise and distraction, consumers report being surprisingly focused when using the mobile internet (Hutton and Rodnick 2009). This result provides an opportunity for advertisers, who are constantly competing with external distractions, to engage users in a meaningful way. 1.3. Importance of consumer attitude toward advertising in smartphones The emergence of smartphone advertising opens up a new area of research. For instance, given the increased possibility of presentation and interactivity, is this marketing medium more effective than the conventional mobile advertising media? How do consumers perceive smartphone advertisements? What factors need tobe kept in mind when designing smartphone advertisements? A better understanding of these issues is essential to the effective use of smartphone advertising. Researchers agree that investigating the behaviour of the mobile consumer is critical towards offering effective customer services and accelerating the diffusion of mobile marketing (Mort and Drennan 2002; Nohria and Leestma 2001; Carlsson and Walden 2002). For example, Carlsson and Walden (2002) suggest that the key question for mobile commerce is to find some way to assess the value of mobile applications to prospective users. This provides the motivation for this study in investigating the consumer attitude toward ad vertising in smartphones. 1.4. Research objectives Since the mobile phone is still a relatively new channel for advertising, academic research in this field has been, to a large extent, inconsistent and fragmented (Roach 2009). Leppà ¤niemi (Leppà ¤niemi, Sinisalo and Karjaluoto 2006) has divided the current mobile marketing research into three categories: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Consumer: acceptance, perception, attitude, responsiveness and effectiveness of mobile marketing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Business and Management: value chain, performance measurement, business models, branding and operations à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ General research: antecedents and consequences, legal and political factors, adoption and diffusion of mobile marketing Leppà ¤niemi notes that majority of the research has mainly dealt with the various facets of consumer behavior, with several of them dealing with consumer attitudes toward mobile marketing (e.g. Tsang et al. 2004; James 2004; Jun 2007). However, the results of these studies have been contradictory (discussed in detail in Sec 2.1.4 and Sec 2.2.8), and have been limited to SMS advertisements on conventional mobile phones. The trends in the smartphone unit sales suggest that in the next five years, about three quarters of all phones will be smartphones. With the unique marketing opportunities available in smartphones, other than just the SMS, and the background suggesting further academic research in the domain of consumer attitude towards mobile advertising, the broader purpose of this study is to deepen the understanding of the domain, looking into the specific segment of smartphones only. This study will serve as a first attempt yet to examine the consumer attitudes towards advertisements in smartphones, and is conducted by implementing an empirical research. The subject will be approached through the following primary research question: What are the underlying factors which characterize the attitudes of consumers toward mobile advertising in the domain of smartphones? The following specific questions will be used to serve as basis for addressing the primary research question: How do demographic variables influence attitude towards advertisements in smartphones? Do the factors influencing attitude toward advertising on traditional mobile phones also influence attitude toward advertising on smartphones? Does attitude toward advertising in general and attitude toward internet advertising influence the attitude toward smartphone advertising? Does the type of advertisement have an impact on the factors that influence the attitudes toward smartphone advertising? Does emotional attachment to phone impact the attitude toward advertisements? Would incentives influence consumer intention to receive advertisements? From the managerial perspective, the research will provide insight into marketing viability in smartphones. More specifically, the results of the research will enable to judge the possibilities of incorporating the different facets of the Ad-revenue model in the smartphones, and also shed light on the realities of the bet that companies like Google have put on the success of the model in the Android based smartphones. Additionally, the knowledge regarding the factors contributing to successful smartphone advertisement would help managers to fully exploit the potential of the smartphone marketing medium. 1.5. Structure of the Thesis The research will start with a literature review of the most significant research streams relevant to the research problem. Chapter 2.1 will discuss the nature of attitudes, bringing together knowledge from both social and advertising psychology. Chapter 2.2 will present the consumer viewpoint of the concept of mobile marketing. Chapter 3 will discuss the hypotheses of this thesis, and present a research framework based on it. Chapter 4 will describe the methodology used for data collection and survey construction, as well as assess the data validity and reliability, also addressing the potential biases that might arise. Chapter 5 will present the results of the various analyses, followed by conclusions in Chapter 6. Literature Review This chapter will focus on the theoretical foundation of the study. It is divided into two parts: the first part focusing on attitude toward advertising in general and the second part, specifically, on mobile advertising. The first part of the chapter will begin with an attempt to define attitudes. Next, an overview of internet based advertising will be presented. This will be followed by consumer attitude toward advertising. The second part of the literature review will then discuss the prior research specifically on mobile advertising. It will begin with the definition of the term, followed by discussion of the motivation of consumers behind the use of mobile and the emotional attachment to the device. Next the characteristics of the mobile will be presented, which validate it as a marketing channel, and interactive advertising in mobile phones will be discussed. Furthermore, permission and control in the mobile marketing context will be reviewed, and the need to provide incentives will be discussed. Additionally, academic literature regarding consumer acceptance and consumer attitudes towards the mobile advertising will be highlighted. 2.1. Academic insight on attitudes in advertising domain With different streams of advertising emerging nowadays, it is becoming increasingly difficult to stand out with a particular advertisement. The costs of marketing are getting increasingly higher, making marketers more and more concerned about the attitudes of consumers and the factors contributing to effective advertising  [3]  . In order to be able to design effective advertisements, it is, therefore, imperative to first understand advertising itself. This chapter will, therefore, begin with the literature view of attitudes. Since mobile marketing has evolved, with the rise of smartphones, to provide advertisements similar to internet based advertisements, the chapter will also provide an overview of internet based advertising. This will be followed with literature view on attitudes towards advertising in general. 2.1.1. Defining attitudes Although research on attitudes has been abundant, there is no consensus on the general definition of the concept among researchers. Eagly and Chaiken (1993) defined attitude as a psychological tendency that is expressed by evaluating a particular entity with some degree of favor or disfavor. Kotler (2000) stated that an attitude is a persons enduring favorable or unfavorable evaluations, emotional feelings and action tendencies toward some object or idea. Attitudes are typically derived from judgments, which everyone makes. Aakerman, et al. (2001) describe attitudes as mental states used by individuals to structure the way they perceive their environment and guide the way they respond to it. In general, attitude is a predisposition or a tendency to respond positively or negatively towards a certain idea,  object,  person, or situation. [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] The four major components of attitude are (1) Affective: emotions or feelings, (2) Cognitive: belief or opinions held consciously, (3) Conative: inclination for action, (4) Evaluative: positive or negative response to stimuli. (BusinessDictionary  [4]  ). Triandis (1971) also defines attitudes as consisting of the three correlated components: affect, cognition and conation. 2.1.2. Internet based advertising The rise of internet has led to the evolution of commerce into the electronic age (Maamar 2003). As surfing the World Wide Web (WWW) has become ever more popular, the internet has clearly become an important information source and an integral part of daily life (Ko et al. 2005). As such, the internet represents a huge opportunity for advertisers in terms of the potential for efficient and effective communication with customers (Faber et al. 2004). Recently, internet advertising or web advertising has become one of the first choice advertising media for anyone wanting to promote their products and services to a global audience. The basic kinds of internet advertising include e-mail advertisements, banner advertisements, pop-ups, social media and endorsements from other websites. Pop-up advertising implies that an advertisement window pops up when the user visits a webpage, forcing him to see the ad before being closed. E-mail advertisement implies sending advertisement e-mails to the users. Banner advertisement is where an advertisement is placed in a section of a webpage. And social media marketing is done by putting advertisements on the homepage of users social media profile pages, e.g. in Facebook. Internet advertising has been perceived by many consumers to be intrusive and disturbing (Li et al. 2002). Banner advertisements on the Internet were found to produce dull results, with the click-through rate as low as 0.3% (Green and Elgin 2002). 2.1.3. Attitude toward advertising in general Attitude toward an advertisement is defined as a learned predisposition to respond in a consistently favorable or unfavorable manner towards an advertisement in general (MacKenzie and Lutz 1998). The general attitude toward advertising manifests itself not only through political and regulatory activities but also through the exposure of individuals to advertising, the attention they pay to it, their evaluations to specific advertisements, and their responses to those advertisements (Zhou and Zhang 2002). Brackett and Carr (2001), and James and Kover (1992), showed that the overall attitude towards advertisement had significant effect on the involvement with specific advertisements. Involvement refers to the relationship of the consumers to the advertisements encountered. (Greenwald and Leavitt 1984). James and Kover 1992, through their research, suggest that liking a particular advertisement is not enough. Instead, industry should invest efforts to help people like advertising in general. This could make all advertising more effective. The results of James and Kovers (1992) study also suggest that attitude toward advertising has no significant interaction with demographics of age, education and gender. This signifies that advertising should not be segmented on these three demographics; other variables are probably more efficient, especially the degree of involvement with the advertising. James and Kovers (1992) results indicate that attitude toward advertising in general is channel dependent, i.e. the effect of an advertisement presented to an audience depends on the chosen channel of advertising, so it should be studied channel dependently. The reason for this could be the varying extent to which the viewer can exercise control on the advertisements. So, unlike television advertising in which a commercial runs for a given time, control of time looking at print lies with the reader (James and Kover, 1992). This can be attributed to the result that consumers show more negative attitude toward television advertising compared to print. Calfee and Ringold (1994) analyzed sixty two years of survey data to find the majority view on the perceptions of advertising. The results indicated that on average 70% of consumers think that advertising is often untruthful and that it seeks to persuade people to buy things that they do not necessarily want. However, consumers still tend to find advertising as informative. Shavitt et al. (1998) report that three quarters of the respondents in their study had either positive or neutral perceptions of advertising. Coulter (2001) found similar duality in consumer opinions, with results showing that consumers can, simultaneously, hold positive as well as negative opinions about various aspects of advertising. In his study, Coulter, however, found that information and entertainment are advertisings greatest assets. The discussion above shows that consumer attitudes are, to a large extent, mixed. So, while consumers consider information and enjoyment as important antecedents of advertising, they also consider advertising as not trustworthy. 2.2. Mobile advertising As an extension of the internet environment, the high penetration of mobile phones in recent years has created a good opportunity for mobile advertising (Bauer et al. 2005; Leppà ¤niemi et al. 2006). However, the channel has not been fully embraced by the marketers, despite its cost effectiveness. This chapter will focus on mobile marketing from the consumer viewpoint, in order to study the areas that influence effective mobile advertising. The chapter will begin by defining mobile advertising, followed by discussion of the motivation of consumers behind the use of mobile and the emotional attachment to the device. Next the characteristics of the mobile will be presented, which validate it as a marketing channel, and interactive advertising in mobile phones will be discussed. Furthermore, permission and control in the mobile marketing context will be reviewed to assert the need to provide incentives in mobile marketing. Additionally, academic literature regarding consumer attitude a nd response toward the mobile advertising will be highlighted. 2.2.1. Definition At a very basic level, mobile advertisement is defined as any form of advertisement that is delivered through a mobile as the medium (Mary Mathew 2010). Mobile advertising is one of the most common forms of mobile marketing. Different from traditional advertising, which is non-personal and applicable only via mass media, mobile advertising is more individual and interactive, while informing and persuading the customer (Chowdhury, et al. 2006). Mobile advertising can, thus, be defined as the usage of interactive wireless media (such as mobile phones and pagers, [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] GPS-based locators and maps) to transmit advertising messages to consumers in the form of time and location sensitive, personalized information with the overall goal to promote goods and services (Haghirian and Madlberger 2005). The high penetration rate of mobile devices among consumers has provided an opportunity for companies to utilize this means to convey advertising messages to consumers. Recently, there has been an increase in mobile marketing campaigns. Since each mobile device is used by an individual, it provides a suitable platform for delivering individual-based target marketing (Barnes and Scornavacca 2004). Therefore, mobile marketing could be the leading application of mobile commerce (Yuan and Zhang 2003). Among mobile marketing applications, the most popular format is SMS (Okazaki 2005). However, due to rise in smartphones, internet has been reinvented on the mobile devices, which as led to new forms of interactive advertising being discovered, as the internet advertising models get migrated from PCs to mobile devices. This has given rise to a broader range to mobile advertising in the form of in-search advertising to in-application placements (Laszlo 2009). However, to date these methods have not been significant (Idean 2009). 2.2.2. Consumer perception of a mobile The way consumers use their mobile phones influences how mobile advertising is perceived (Salo and Tà ¤htinen 2005). Additionally, results of Jun and Lees (2007) research indicate that consumer perception of mobile influences consumer attitudes toward mobile advertising. Understanding the motivations behind consumers use of mobile phones is, therefore, an important factor for determining the success of mobile advertising. The results of the uses and gratifications model of Leung and Wei (2000) showed that the consumers use mobile for seven distinct purposes: To look fashionable To provide affection, sociability and caring for others To relax and pass time To provide mobility and avoid queuing To provide immediate access regardless of time and location To carry out business transactions To provide security and safety in case of emergency The research stressed that as wireless technology becomes ubiquitous, there will be more freedom for consumers, in the form of mobility and immediate access anywhere, which will greatly facilitate the life of the consumers today. 2.2.3. Emotional attachment of consumers to mobile devices With the emergence of smartphones, mobile phones have now evolved into functionally sophisticated, ubiquitous and socially embedded devices. As a result, consumers now consider them indispensable and, as such, are becomingly increasingly emotionally attached (Wehmeyer 2007). Mobile phones have become mediators of expression, experience and communication of feelings and emotions. Users feel increasingly attached to their phones. This may partially be due to inherent emotional character of human communication, and may also be because mobile phones stay closer to the body. For many consumers, mobiles are an extension of themselves to the extent that removal of the device is likened to the loss of a limb (Hulme 2003). Emotional attachment is enacted in the personalization of the mobile devices. Mobile phones are not only an extension of the users own presence, but they also allow the virtual presence of those connected to the user by phone or wireless communication. As the social networking websites, like Facebook, have become increasingly popular and are now available as applications on the smartphones, the phones have become an important element in the building and maintaining of groups and communities. Users are able to act spontaneously and emotionally, whether it is spur-of-the-moment meetings, emotive text messaging or status updating on Facebook, and these attributes, in tandem with the always on facility, are crucial to the creation of emotional attachment (Kolsaker and Drakatos 2009). As such, Kolsaker and Drakatos identify four components of emotional attachment to mobile devices: the ability to strongly personalize the device, the ability to keep in touch with family and friends when on the move, the ability to manage ones private and emotional life, and the idea of feeling part of the modern world. For this study, only the first two components are used for measuring the emotional attachment, as they are considered to be most influencing, as they are cited in most research studies on emotional attachment to mobile devices. 2.2.4. Mobile phone as a marketing channel Mobile phone marketing is where internet advertising was in 1996, and now its about to really take off [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] There are already more mobile phones in use worldwide than televisions and computers put together (Nylund 2009). The mobile phone offers possibilities for a very unique consumer experience, when compared to the traditional advertising channels. Sultan and Rohm (2005) divide marketing approaches along two dimensions: 1) the degree of interactivity possible on the advertising channel and 2) the degree of location based advertising possible on the channel. According to Sultan and Rohm (2005), the mobile channel provides high interactivity as high possibility of location based advertising (figure 2.). Figure 2. A Comparison of Marketing Communication approaches (Sultan and Rohm 2005) Internet and telecommunication services are constantly evolving in order to fulfill customer satisfaction. Enriching these services with innovative approaches such as context-aware, interactive, adaptable and mobile mechanisms enables users to experience a variety of personalized services seamlessly across different platforms and technologies. Rafaelis research showed that interactivity with advertisements often leads to positive attitudes toward the advertisement (Gao, et al. 2010). Moreover, Macias (2003) results indicate that interactivity leads to better understanding of the advertisement message by the user. This suggests that advertising should become more interactive. The mobile phone offers a bi-directional and individual connection to the consumer, which makes it a highly interactive marketing channel (Park, et al. 2008). 2.2.5. Mobile interactive advertising Mobile interactive advertising is defined as advertising or marketing messages delivered to portable devices, either via a synchronized download or wirelessly over the air (Laszlo 2

Transcendentalism: The Philosophy Of The Mind Essay -- essays researc

Transcendentalism: The Philosophy of the Mind Transcendentalism is the view that the basic truth of the universe lies beyond the knowledge obtained from the senses, a knowledge that transcendentalists regard as the mere appearance of things (Adventures 162). Transcendentalists believe the mind is where ideas are formed. The transcendentalist ideas of God, man, and the universe were not all original, but were a combination of other philosophies and religions. One of the major questions of philosophy is "What is the nature of the universe?" Immanuel Kant was one of the major Transcendentalists of his time. One of the major questions he asked was, "What is knowledge, and how is it possible?" Transcendentalists believe that one really only knows personal experiences, and that one can not know the universe which exists. Kant came to the conclusion that there are two universes, one of experience, called the "Phenomenal Universe", and the other the "Noumenal Universe", the one of reason. The first is scientific and the other practical (Frost 42). Transcendentalists think there is a dimension of depth in everything that exists. They also think the spirit is what controls your physical side (Halverson 431). Some transcendentalists say the world has no beginning in time, everything takes place according to the laws of nature. The same people think there is not necessarily an absolute Being who causes the world to be (Frost 42). Transcendentalists think nature is a product of the mind, and without the mind nature would not exist (Santayana 42). These ideas come from the Romantic traditions which originated in England. The Romantics believed in spiritual unity of all forms of being, with God, humanity, and nature sharing a universal soul (Adventures 208). Transcendentalists came to the conclusion that good and evil were things only man could control. Their belief of man is that man is part of the universe of objects and things. His knowledge is confined to ideas. He is able to reason, and he can form ideas of the outer world of God, freedom, and immortality (Frost 53). Immanuel Kant said, "Always act in such a way that the maxim determining your conduct might as well become a universal law; act as though you can will that everybody sh... ... a bowl with many crevices and depressions in it's contour. When one pours water into the bowl, it takes the shape of the bowl, filling all the crevices. In the same way the environment pours impressions into the mind and they are received by the mind and shaped according to the nature of this mind (Frost 257). Some transcendentalists think all minds are alike. They say all minds have certain categories such as totality, unity, plurality, and reality. Transcendentalists believe knowledge is limited to the combined role of sensibility and understanding, both of which are concerned with sense and experience, though in different ways (Hakim 98). They also think knowledge is universal (Frost 258). Some transcendentalists think the ideas are of the mind and cannot be applied to a world outside of the mind. They believe ideas are a result of the kind of thinking organ which people have, and are determined by it's nature. Transcendentalism is a combination of beliefs, some of which are from other religions and other people and their philosophies. It is a belief that there is another way knowledge is obtained, not only from the senses, but also from the mind.

International Trade and Starbucks Essay

The original idea for Starbucks came from Howard Schultz after he took a trip to Italy. He was inspired by the coffee house experience and wanted to bring it to America. The lesson that can be drawn from this situation is that business formats in other countries can be translated successfully in other parts of the world. New opportunities can be taken advantage of internationally wherever there is a need for it. 2) What drove Starbucks to start expanding internationally? How is the company creating value for its shareholders by pursuing an international expansion strategy? The success that Starbucks was having in America drove the company to expand to other countries. In 1995 Starbucks had over 700 profitable stores across the U. S. and began exploring the international market in Japan. By entering the international market Starbucks is becoming a part of the global market. This brings value to shareholders because the world is moving towards globalization and it is necessary for companies to change their market strategy to meet the conditions of the global market. An international expansion strategy allows Starbucks to compete in the market more effectively and create more value for shareholders. 3) Why do you think Starbucks decided to enter the Japanese market via a joint venture with a Japanese company? What lesson can you draw from this? I believe Starbucks did a Japanese joint venture to help reduce the risk. Since the Japanese company Sazaby Inc. also had a 50% stake in the company it benefits Starbucks to have a partner who knows that Japanese market and who also has economical interest in seeing the company succeed. This shows that entering into joint ventures in international territories can help facilitate growth and lessen the financial burden if international ventures happen to fail. 4) Is Starbucks a force for globalization? Explain your answer. Yes, I believe Starbucks is a force for globalization. Starbucks is a multinational enterprise that has operations in countries all over the world like Canada, Japan, Britain, Thailand, and New Zealand. Starbucks empowers workers and farmers around the world and contributes to the economic growth of the global economy. 5) When it comes to purchasing coffee beans, Starbucks adheres to a â€Å"fair trade† program. What do you think is the difference between fair trade and free trade? How might a fair trade policy benefit Starbucks? Fair trade is a system that ensures that workers and exporters get a fair profit from the goods that the sell. Free trade is strictly based on the markets supply and demand for goods and services without regulation or moral implications. The fair trade policy that Starbucks adheres too will make consumers feel better about purchasing goods from their store. Many people are conscious about unfair wages and treatment of workers around the world and are more attracted to companies that do not follow the cheap labour trend.

Development through the Implementation of Physical Activity to Patients Suffering from Mental Illness. The WritePass Journal

Development through the Implementation of Physical Activity to Patients Suffering from Mental Illness. Introduction Development through the Implementation of Physical Activity to Patients Suffering from Mental Illness. ). In this report, Robert Francis revealed the failure among nurses and healthcare assistants to feed patients and give them the basic elements of care such as dignity and respect. Initiatives to combat such behaviour in the future included holding nurses personally and criminally accountable, as well as holding hospital boards responsible should they fail to ensure that all patients are receiving high quality care (Wright, 2013).   As I am a student who is in the transition period to a staff nurse, I am aware of the changing responsibilities and accountability that are inherent to being a nurse. Personal Development Plan Nagelkerk (2005) highlights the importance of setting and identifying goals that are intrinsic to your personal development, as it allows you to reflect on your practice and also highlight your strengths and weaknesses, which gives you the opportunity to initiate and implement change. With this in mind, I plan to draw on Snowden’s â€Å"clusters on essential skills for medicine management†. This is relevant to the current service improvement initiative as it highlights the need for newly registered nurses to be completely briefed on patient history and able to responsible administer medicines (Snowden, 2011). Moreover, I will draw on the SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Time) bound framework to set a time scale for my action plan.   I will also draw on Snowden’s clusters on essential skills for medicine management as it is a parsimonious model that allows me to evaluate educational needs and professional development. During the first month of the programme, I will ensure that I am completely knowledgeable of the commonly administered medicines that the patients are taking, their actions and side effects. I will do this by liaising with doctors and psychiatrists, and also attending weekly ward rounds. Within the second month, I intend to increase my confidence when it comes to managing my medication round effectively using the eight rights checklist: â€Å"right medication†, â€Å"right patient†, â€Å"right dose†, â€Å"right time†, â€Å"right date†, â€Å"right route†, â€Å"right preparation† and â€Å"right documentation† (Morgan, 2000). I will also develop my knowledge of pharmacology such as the interaction of medicines with different systems of the body. In the third and fourth months of training, I will build up my knowledge on the necessary techniques for administering medicine. I will attend a series of sessions on medicine management as well as observe trained professionals. This is in line with research that nurses must constantly build their body of knowledge and develop their professional skills (Burton Ormrod, 2011). The fifth and sixth months will focus on the application of the knowledge I acquired. This is where safety management, administration and monitoring of drugs come in. I will practice my skills in ordering medication, their storage and disposal of used medication. I intend to keep a reflective diary about all that I learnt from my own experience and experience of colleagues. The support and assistance of an experienced professional is very important and vital for a newly qualified nurse to gain confidence and practice effectively (NMC, 2008). With the right support and guidance from experienced colleagues, I should be able to manage medications safely and effectively. This will greatly enhance my professional confidence. Having clearly identified my goals and assigned a time limit to achieve them will help me to monitor my progress. I will work hard to make sure that my goals are achievable within the clinical setting. Conclusion Over the course of this paper, it has become clear that the responsibilities of a newly registered nurse are vast. The transition from a student to a nurse is not without its challenges and requires continuous training, support and guidance. To ensure that I am progressing in my knowledge of nursing, I will constantly engage in evaluations and assessment of my learning. For example, I will verify my learning in accordance with the standards of the Nursing and Midwifery Council.    APPENDIX A Service Improvement Activity Notification Proforma Details of service improvement project/activity: The main aim of the Service Improvement Initiative is to provide physical activity to mentally ill adolescents aged 10-17 years. The initiative will assess the clinical outcomes following the physical activity intervention, as well as the development of nursing skills needed for the efficient and effective delivery of care. Reason for development: Based on my observations in a psychological ward for adolescents aged 10-17 years, there are no opportunities to be involved in activities such as sports (darts, snooker, etc.). These activities are proven to provide multiple benefits to the service users, both in terms of physical fitness and mental health. Time spent on the project/activity: The program will take place over a span of six months. Resources used: There are a number of resources needed for this initiative. Resources include sufficient funding for paying for the services of team members and experts, as well as a range of sporting equipment, such as table tennis tables. Who was involved: A multidisciplinary team consisting of a group of nurses a physical therapist, psychiatrists, mental health practitioners, and other experts will be set up. Future plans: The initiative will be implemented in six (6) months. It is hoped that the program will become successful and beneficial for the service users and the multidisciplinary team. APPENDIX B Strengths  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Good communication skills,  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Good team player  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Positive attitude  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Good interpersonal skills  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Motivated and enthusiastic  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Responsible Weaknesses  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Assertiveness  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Medicine management skills  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Professional boundary issues Opportunities  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Access to training  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Learning from other members of inter-professional team.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Education, development and research  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Effective supervision  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Effective feedback Threats  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lack of time  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Staff attitude on ward  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Staff shortage  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   My inexperience                   APPENDIX C    Objective    1. Improve   my knowledge of medication management. Where I am now Insufficient knowledge about medication.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Goal To become competent in medication management. Action plan Read British National Formulary Check NICE guidelines on medication Work with colleagues on the ward. Administering medication regularly with supervision Time 2 weeks 1- week 1- week continuously Evaluation Self-evaluation and evaluation by experienced professionals 2. Develop good knowledge of NICE guidelines on medication and current government policies on medication. Insufficient knowledge of NICE   on medication management. Competency and ability to practice independently. Read through NICE guidelines on medication (internet, Nursing publications) Administering medication regularly with supervision.   2-month. Self- evaluation and evaluation by experienced professionals 3. Attend training on medication. 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