Vodafone industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

None Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

None - Essay Example In addition, the exploration additionally presumed that carbon monoxide delivered by private autos was 95% higher; creation of risky natural mixes is 92% more noteworthy, multiple times more discharge of carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide when contrasted with open transportation for every individual voyaging per mile. There was another examination directed in 2004 by Lancaster University, which recommended that changing to prepare framework from the private vehicle or aircrafts voyaging has no huge preferences as far as condition assurance. Be that as it may, there was an ecological gathering â€Å"friends of the earth†, who had inverse perspectives in regards to the move and they were not happy with the discoveries of the investigation directed by the college (Marston, 2004). They made another examination, which uncovered that the train framework needed the cutting edge progression that had been made for the vehicles and carrier ventures as far as better fuel utilization and productive utilization of the fuel. A train that heads out from London to Edinburgh utilizes 11.5 liters abundance fuel per individual when contrasted with the most recent vehicles dealing with diesel; and comparably, the trains of Pendolino expended more fuel per individual than the airbus A380 (ABD, 2012). There are some other point by point examines that have inferred that there is a negative and inverse connection between the urban populace thickness and vitality utilization per capita. With the assistance of open travel framework, the high urban populace densities can be profited effectively and as a reverse connection the utilization of vitality to run the framework will be low and the voyaging separation will be diminished. Green developments individuals consistently are agreeable to open transportation in light of high advantages in term of less sullying and low contamination than some other voyaging framework. In 2004, there was an examination completed in the city of Milan, Italy that uncovered the effect of mass transportation on the earth on a day of open transportation strike. The air during 8 days in

Book Riots Deals of the Day for October 11th, 2019

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Approaches of Curbing Bullying - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 411 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2018/12/27 Category Society Essay Type Research paper Level High school Tags: Bullying Essay Community Essay School Essay Did you like this example? Forgives is also an approach which can be used to effectively reduce bullying in school (Ahmed Braithwaite, 2006). It is known to be the most powerful weapon that is used by the affected parties to bring to an end the cycle behavior of being destructive. Forgiveness is only possible if the victim decides not to hold any grudge against the offender. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Approaches of Curbing Bullying" essay for you Create order He decides to let go every hatred and trusts that the wrong door will accept the chance and assume a responsible life. The victim expects that with forgiveness and acceptance bullying should come to an end. The effectiveness of this approach is that the wrongdoer feels acceptance back to the community. He is also aware that the victim will take him as a changed- for â€Å"the- better person from there on. This is achieved after the offender accepts his mistakes and changes to be able to manage the shame. On the other hand, wrongdoer who is unable to manage the shame blames others for the mistakes done. He suffers shame replacement which increases bullying (Rigby, 2004). The other method that is used to minimize bullying is through the community-based approaches (Dusenbury et al, 1997). The community incorporates all the stakeholders including the teachers, coaches, parents, the law and the students at large. The community has to address the issue of bullying otherwise silence paves way for increased bullying among students. Adult role models who are against bullying are examples that students emulate. Organizing events like games and sports in playgrounds and have the coach supervise teaches students to care and love their neighbor. Group work is also another way that teachers use as a way of minimizing bullying in class. The community is also free to use the law and warn the students against any act of bullying. The challenge faced here is that very little effort has been channeled to curb this issue of bullying (Hay Meldrum, 2010). The community has not taken the problem of bullying with the weight that it deserves. Reference Ahmed, E., Braithwaite, V. (2006). Forgiveness, reconciliation, and shame: Three key variables in reducing school bullying. Journal of Social Issues, 62(2), 347-370. Rigby, K. (2004). Addressing bullying in schools: Theoretical perspectives and their implications.? School Psychology International,? 25(3), 287-300. Dusenbury, L., Falco, M., Lakem, A., Brannigan, R., Bosworth, K. (1997). Nine critical elements of promising violence prevention programs. Journal of School Health, 67(10), 409-414. Hay, C., Meldrum, R. (2010). Bullying victimization and adolescent self-harm: Testing hypotheses from general strain theory. Journal of youth and adolescence, 39(5), 446-459.

Drug Addiction The Overwhelming Involvement Of Drugs

Drug addiction can be defined as the overwhelming involvement of drugs that impacts an individuals daily life functioning. To help better understand drug addiction I chose to give up adding additional salt to my food for 30 days. Prior to the project I figured I would miss the taste of salt being added to my food, but I figured it would be easy. To my surprise it was not as easy as I entailed. Starting from week one I unconsciously went to grab salt numerous times, because grabbing the salt, pepper, and Old Bay is part of my ritual when I am going to sit down to eat. Also, during week two I noticed I was shifting my behavior to avoid certain foods. In fact, I caught myself skipping some meals because I no longer found the same joy in eating as I use to. That alone would be surprising to both my friends and family, because I love food. People have made jokes before that the way to my heart is to take me out to somewhere where I can eat. As well as, I do see the importance of eating a suffice breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Actually due to a lack of eating, I found myself being overly tired, and often times having to take a nap after class and sometimes a second nap. Being tired definitely got in the way of getting all of my schoolwork done. I found it taking twice as long to get through a homework assignment. As I had mentioned at midnight after the project had ended my plan was to make a big bowl of pasta and to add loads of salt and butter to it, and that is exactly what IShow MoreRelatedThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde Essay1413 Words   |  6 Pages I believe that Dr. Henry Jekyll suffers from a severe case of addiction; an addiction to his evil counterpart, Mr. Hyde, whom allows him to experience and indulge in the pleasures of his evilness without repercussions or disgracing his highly respected name in the community.Dr. Jekyll’s obsession with good and evil and discovering a way to separate the two, as well as his refusal to give up Hyde are all components of his addiction. It is Jekyll’s obsession with the â€Å"pleasures† that only the otherRead MoreDrug Addiction1081 Words   |  5 PagesDRUG ADDICTION DRUG: A chemical substance that alters the function of one or more body organs or the process of a disease. Drugs include prescribed medicines over the counter remedies and various other substances such as alcohol, tobacco and drugs of abuse that are used for non-medical purposes. Drugs are substances other than food that affect the way your mind and body works (Al Robertson et al). DRUG ABUSE Drug abuse is definable mainly in terms of societal disapproval. It may involveRead MoreMeth Addiction : The Only Way Anyone Ever Quits An Addiction1307 Words   |  6 PagesMeth Addictions â€Å"The only way anyone ever quits an addiction is that they come to a place where the desire to be free exceeds the desire to use† (â€Å"Anonymous†). Methamphetamine is not a new drug. In 1887, Germany first made amphetamine. Later on in 1919, Japan developed meth. When they discovered that the powder was soluble in water and then could be used for injection, it became popular in World War II to keep soldiers awake. Kamikaze pilots on their suicide mission were given high doses. LaterRead MoreThe Drug Cocaine As My Research Topic1671 Words   |  7 Pagesresearch paper I chose the drug Cocaine as my research topic. Cocaine delivers an intensity of pleasure - and despair - beyond the bounds of normal human experience. Probably very few people aspire to be drug addicts. But it happens, every day. Why? What is so good about a drug that can potentially destroy a person s body? How does it work? What are its effects on the brain? Why is it so hard to quit? Cocaine (C17H 21NO4) comes from the leaf of an Erythroxylon coca bush. It is a drug that affects the centralRead MoreHigh School Drug Use Among High Schools Essay1424 Words   |  6 PagesSchool Drug Use There are many contributing factors that can lead to heroin and other drug use among high school students. Factors such as the availability and the growth of drugs in society, the enormous weight of peer pressure students face, the socio economics issues that students are a part of that can lead high school students down this destructive path. The use of harmful drugs by high school students has been on the rise ever since our country has declared war on drugs. Drugs suchRead More Cost of Drug Abuse on Society Essay923 Words   |  4 PagesDrug abuse is a rampant problem in the United States. Drugs can be abused in a variety of different ways by people from every walk of life. Most of us have been affected by drug abuse either directly or indirectly. Drug abusers harm themselves, as well as their families and communities. Drug abuse takes an enormous toll on our society at many levels. The cost of drug abuse on our society is astronomical, not only financially but also personally, emotionally, socially and professionally. Read MoreFresno - A City Addicted to Meth1456 Words   |  6 PagesMeth, by Louis Theroux addresses the epidemic of crystal methamphetamine addiction that is overwhelming the streets of this low socioeconomic city in California. The diversity Theroux finds in each of his encounters is both fascinating and startling: from a mother who wants nothing more than to get her children back, but can t seem to break the cycle of using to escape her past mistakes, to siblings that are so deep into addiction their sense of boundary deteriorates to form a twisted sexual relationshipRead MoreOpioid Pain Medications Essay1515 Words   |  7 Pagesday, abolish our solitude as individuals, atone us with our fellows in a glowing exaltation of affection and make life in all its aspects seem not only worth living, but divinely beautiful and significant, and if this heavenly, world-transfiguring drug were of such a kind that we could wake up next morning with a clear head and an undamaged constituti on - then, it seems to me, all our problems (and not merely the one small problem of discovering a novel pleasure) would be wholly solved and earthRead MoreThe Concepts Of Meth In Mexico, Mexico And California949 Words   |  4 Pagestransport both crystal and powdered meth. Some meth that is powdered is changed into crystal meth in Mexico for transportation to Hawaii. Asian, crystal meth transporters who mainly consist of Korean, Japanese, Vietnamese, and Filipino gangs also move the drug into the country, but to a smaller extent as compared to the 1980s and the 1990s. Back in the 90s Hawaiian law enforcement eradicated numerous large Asian, mainly Korean, criminal gangs that had conquered crystal meth transportation into the stateRead MoreThe Alternative Treatment Of Wilderness Therapy861 Words   |  4 PagesWhen a parent has a teenager who is struggling with addiction it can be overwhelming. There are many different treatment and therapy options. There are options such as inpatient and outpatient homes. Outpatient therapy treatment may not be enough for those who are heavily addicted and some inpatient programs can last anywhere from up to six to twelve months. Wilderness therapy proves to be a positive alternative treatment in rehabilitating adolescents. Wilderness Therapy is a more successful means

Employee Law Free Essays

Project Summary Employment Law The employment relationship Is a contractual one between an employer and a worker. The worker may be either an employee or an Independent contractor. Distinguishing between the two is very important. We will write a custom essay sample on Employee Law or any similar topic only for you Order Now It has an effect on compensation, benefits, harassment, family leave, workers’ compensation, unemployment insurance, and discrimination, (Moran, 2008, p. 3). In an employment relationship, authority is conveyed by an employer to an employee. Deciding what kinds of authority and how much authority to grant are important issues for employers to resolve, (Moran, 2008, . ). Inherent in every employment relationship is the employee’s duties of loyalty and good faith and the employer’s duties to compensate and maintain a safe working environment. Violations of these duties give rise to contractual and tort liability. A contract Is a legally enforceable agreement. A tort Is a private civil wrong. Tort liability encompasses assault and battery, defamation, Invasion of privacy, and negligence. The key to an employers responsibility Is whether the tort was committed within the scope of employment?in other words, â€Å"on the Job,† (Moran, 2008, p. 3) Employers may attempt to employ restrictive covenants, also known as nincompoop or nondisclosure agreements. These agreements are used to protect the employer’s business against theft of trade secrets, stealing clients, and competing against the former employer. Courts generally do not like to restrict people from working, but the courts will enforce these agreements where they are voluntarily signed and designed to protect the business from unfair competition, (Moran, 2008, p. 3). The purpose of recruitment and selection is to obtain the best possible workers for a business. Discrimination is permissible with respect to selecting candidates based on interpersonal relations, communication skills, training, and education. It Is not permissible with respect to suspect classification such as race, religion, gender, age, disability, and national origin,† (Moran, 2008, p. 37). Because employees are valuable assets to a business, employers must be able to choose those employees who will perform the best work for the business. Education, training, communication skills, and interpersonal relations are key qualities that employees must possess to help a business be more successful, (Moran, 2008, p. ). The easiest way to discriminate against individuals is to do so in the recruitment and selection process. Employers may use a myriad of methods to evaluate an individual and his or her particular traits. Testing, interviews, writing samples, demonstrations, and role-playing are a few examples, (Moran, 2008, p. 37). If these methods are job-related, then the emp loyer has every right to use them. â€Å"What an employer may not do is discourage potential candidates who belong to a particular suspect classification as defined by Title VII of the Call Rights Act, the Age Delimitation In Employment Act, and the Americans with Deliverables Act,† (Moran, 2008, p. 37). The selection process has become a complicated procedure for employers, (Moran, 2008, p. 67). They must inappropriate questions that can be inferred as being discriminatory. Employers must recruit from a diverse pool of candidates. Employers must keep accurate records of these candidates, such as who applied and who was hired. Employers must establish Job-related criteria necessary for promotions. Employers must perform background checks on employees to guard themselves against negligent hiring, but these checks are limited to activities or criminal convictions that are Job elated,† (Moran, 2008, p. 67). Policies with regard to nepotism and promoting from within should also be drafted by the employer. The selection process is a daunting but necessary undertaking for the employer. As most of us know, it is an equally stressful experience for workers. Arbitration is a form of alternative dispute resolution where two si des look outside the court system to resolve a conflict, (Moran, 2008, p. 157). In arbitration, an impartial arbitrator listens to claims, facts, and testimony from both sides, then issues a decision. By signing arbitration agreements, employees typically waive their right to file lawsuits when they have a dispute with their employers. However, the obligation to arbitrate can vary. Some employers require all disputes to go to arbitration, while others designate arbitration for only certain issues. â€Å"Binding† arbitration is most frequently used in employment agreements, where both sides agree ahead of time that the arbitrator’s decision will be final, with very limited basis to appeal, (Moran, 2008, p. 58). However, an arbitration agreement alone does not mean that employers can never be sued over an employment issue. State and federal regulators can still sue employers when employees file complaints against companies for violating discrimination, pay, or other laws. Once employees or former employees decide to enter into arbitration, there are three basic steps in the proceedings: preheating briefs, the hearing, and the arbitrator’s decision. Preheating briefs allow the company and employees to present their views and describe their evidence to the arbitrator. During the hearing, both sides present their case to the arbitrator, which can include calling witnesses. Then the arbitrator makes a decision. Generally, employers do not take termination as personally as do employees. However, it can be a difficult process for both sides, especially if the employee believes that the discharge is wrongful. â€Å"At-will termination protects the rights of employers to terminate employees,† (Moran, 2008, p. 153). Therefore, employees must evaluate the evidence to discern whether it meets one of the public policy exceptions to the at-will doctrine. Employers must guard against compromising their protection under the at-will employment doctrine and should not stipulate that employees will be discharged only for cause or list explicit seasons for discharge in an employment handbook or in conversation with an applicant or an employee, (Moran, 2008, p. 153). Rather employers should state that employees may be discharged at any time for any reason. Shortly after the conclusion of the Civil War in 1865, the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments to the U. S. Constitution were adopted, (Moran, 2008, p. 171). The Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery. The Fifteenth Amendment gave black men the right to vote. But, it was the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment that laid the basis for equal rights in employment, (Moran, 2008, p. 71). The Equal Protection Clause basically states that â€Å"all people are entitled to equal United States, in Please v. Ferguson, interpreted this to mean that separate but equal facilities would satisfy the Fourteenth Amendment requirement, (Moran, 2008, p. 171). Segregation persisted into the sass, but inroads began to be made in the mid-sass with the Brown v. Board of Education decision, which mandated integration in public schools, (Moran, 2008, p. 171). This decision had a reverberating effect throughout society. In 1964, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act to legislate integration in schools, housing, restaurants, transportation, shopping, and employment. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act speaks to employment, (Moran, 2008, p. 171). It prohibits discrimination because of religion, race, color, sex, and national origin, (Moran, 2008, p. 171). There are two main types of discrimination: disparate impact, which is discrimination against a class of people, and disparate treatment, which is discrimination against an individual, (Moran, 2008, p. 171). The key to establishing an affirmative action plan is to obtain the commitment of management, Moran, 2008, p. 199). Once committed, management can emphasize its importance and lead by example. An assessment must be made of the number of women and minorities and their current status within the organization. This data will prove invaluable as a benchmark against which the program’s progress can be measured, (Moran, 2008, p. 99). Once the problem areas are identified, then recruitment and promotion issues must be addressed. A critical look at the current methods utilized must be taken, and a plan must be instituted to remedy its deficiencies. To bolster acquirement, notification should be sent to the placement office of schools with significant or exclusive women or minority populations. Women and minority organizations can also be advised of the need for prospective candidates. Advertisements in newspapers, magazines, radio, and television designed for women and minorities will enable a company to tap into that particular circle, (Moran, 2008, p. 99). Company tours for students and community groups are also beneficial. â€Å"Relying solely on referrals and traditional recruitment techniques will only reinforce discrimination,† (Moran, 2008, p. 199). Career counseling to direct women and minorities toward career paths and training programs to help them realize these accomplishments must be created or embellished. The fact that counseling and training programs exist is not sufficient. They must be made available or specifically developed with women and minorities in mind. Job descriptions must also be perused for possible barriers against women and minorities, (Moran, 2008, p. 199). If found, the descriptive narration must be rethought. All requirements must be Job- related. Any that are not should be eliminated, especially unnecessary education or experience; otherwise, discrimination will continue. Testing should also be restricted to when it is absolutely necessary and its reality and Job-relatedness can be proved, (Moran, 2008, p. 199). The assignment of grade levels to Jobs must also be reviewed for bias in favor of men, (Moran, 2008, p. 199). If discovered, such bias must be readjusted. Interviewers must be indoctrinated to no longer believe that women and minorities can perform only certain Jobs – those involving routine ministerial tasks, (Moran, 2008, p. 199). They must avoid asking women and minorities personal questions about marital status, other sources of income, number of children, criminal record, and other issues that are not Job-related and are not routinely asked of white and in-house rules and regulations must be redrafted to be gender-neutral, both in written communications and pictorials,† (Moran, 2008, p. 199). Sexual harassment is defined as (1) a sexual advance or request for sexual favor made by one employee to another that is unwelcome and not consented to; and (2) touching, Joking, commenting, or distributing material of a sexual nature that an employee has not consented to and finds offensive,† (Moran, 2008, p. 89). Although the court- appointed test for determining what constitut es sexual harassment is a reasonable person standard and what is reasonable may vary depending on the work environment, it is the purpose of this policy on sexual harassment to avoid litigation, not to win lawsuits. Therefore, employees are forewarned that the use of certain terms may give rise to a woman’s filing a sexual harassment complaint and are therefore prohibited, (Moran, 2008, p. 289). If a complaint is filed with the company’s human resources department on any of these allegations, it will be investigated immediately, (Moran, 2008, p. 289). The investigation shall consist of questioning the complainant, alleged perpetrator, coworkers, superiors, and subordinates, (Moran, 2008, p. 89). If a determination is made that a valid complaint had been issued against an employee, that employee will be entitled to a hearing to which he or she may be assisted by outside counsel. If a conclusion is reached that the conduct complained of meets one of the aforementioned criteria, then the employee shall be dismissed forthwith, (Moran, 2008, p. 289). Furthermore, the victim will be afforded counseling services, if needed. Every effort will be made by the company to aid the victimized employee in overcoming the emotional trauma of the unfortunate ordeal, (Moran, 2008, p. 289). Finally, the company will sponsor in-house workshops explaining this policy on sexual harassment, warning employees against engaging in it, and encouraging those affected by sexual harassment to come forward with the details of their encounter with it in order for the company to investigate and resolve the dilemma and service the needs of the victimized employee, (Moran, 2008, p. 289). The Americans with Disabilities Act requires employers having 1 5 or more employees to refrain from administrating against any individual who has an impairment that limits major life activities, such as impairment to sight, speech, hearing, walking, and learning, (Moran, 2008, p. 389). Also included are people with cancer, heart conditions, AIDS, and disfigurement, as well as people recovering from substance abuse. The forerunner of the DAD was the Rehabilitation Act of 1 973. It prohibited disability discrimination in federal employment and with federal contractors. The percentage of disabled workers who are unemployed is much greater than that of the general population, (Moran, 2008, p. 08). Public access and specific Job accommodations have gone a long way to aid the gainful employment of many of the disabled. Encouraging a change in the mind-set of employers remains a formidable task. Many employers view disabled applicants as inferior to others. They represent an additional worry employers do not need. However, with reasonable accommodation, many disabled employees have proven to work as effectively as other workers because their disability has been alleviated, (Moran, 2008, p. 08). They are operating on a level playing surface with the rest of the work population. Collective bargaining is the negotiation process undertaken by a union on behalf of a contract after the resolution of labor issues,† (Moran, 2008, p. 420). The contract, known as the collective bargaining agreement, is binding on all union members. The advantage of collecti ve bargaining is that the union has greater bargaining strength than an individual employee would have in attempting to negotiate the best possible deal, (Moran, 2008, p. 420). The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1 970 (OSHA) was designed to set forth a standard that would provide for the safety and health of employees while on the Job, (Moran, 2008, p. 450). Employers are required to provide a place of employment free from occupational hazards. Employees are required to follow rules and regulations established to promote their safety and to use equipment designed to ensure their safety, (Moran, 2008, p. 450). Permanent standards are the standards originally introduced when OSHA was created as well as standards promulgated thereafter, (Moran, 2008, p. 452). The latter are referred to as National Consensus Standards. When OSHA develops a new standard, it is published in the Federal Register, (Moran, 2008, p. 452). The public, especially employees, has 30 days to request a hearing. If requested, notice of a public hearing will be made. After the hearing, OSHA must publish the standard incorporating the changes, if any, and the date of its commencement, within 60 days. The Secretary of Labor must explain the need for the new standard, or else it will be null and void. He or she may delay the date of its commencement. In one case, a delay of 4 years was imposed. How to cite Employee Law, Papers

The Use of Sugar Wastes to Generate Electricity

Introduction Project Overview This project charter discusses the development of a project to generate electricity. The electricity will be harnessed from the wastes generated by the sugar cane after the milling and extraction of the sugar juice. These wastes are combusted and used to generate electricity.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Use of Sugar Wastes to Generate Electricity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The main element of the project includes project planning, inception, execution, completion and commissioning of the project (American National Standards, 2004; Project Management Institute, 2013). This work entails the development of a project charter for this project. Project Purpose The purpose of this project is to provide pertinent details with regard to the installation of power plants that utilize sugarcane wastes to generate electricity. The plant is being set up so as to minimize wastes gener ated by the sugar mills (Morris, 2010). Scope Statement In this project, a 200 MW power generation plant will be installed at the sugar company. The plant will be operated using waste sugarcane. The project will be installed in the sugar processing plants. All the details of the project are summarized in this project charter and will not be altered without prior information and consent for all the stakeholders (Burke, 2010). Project Objectives and goals The main project objective is the development and installation of a power plant that uses sugarcane wastes for generations of electricity. The specific objectives for this project are: To carry out a feasibility study on the use of sugar mill wastes for power generation. This will entail evaluations on the possibilities of generating electricity using these wastes as well as quantification of the amount of energy that can be generated by the plant. The feasibility study will also identify the equipment to be used for this project To develop a project charter and project management plan detailing all the requirements for the project, their timelines and costs. To execute the project within the specified time and financial constrains. The execution of the project will entail the installation, testing and commissioning of all the equipments. Project Stakeholders The project stakeholder is a list of all the people that are involved in the project as well as those affected by the project (Maylor, 2001). They include both external and internal stakeholders (Morris, 2010). The main project stakeholders for this project include: Project manager –He is in charge of the project Project team members-they are in charge in implementation of the project Sugar mill management- they are the project sponsors and will provide all the financial support Employee- these are the employees of the sugar mill Transmission Company – will distribute the electricity Local residents – they reside in the area where t he plant will be installed, they are affected by the project Project Deliverables Project deliverables can be regarded as the outputs of the project. For this project, the main deliverables include:Advertising Looking for essay on project management? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conducting a feasibility study so as to indentify the main equipments, their size and other parameters and variables related to the project The development of a project charter The development of a project management plan for the installation of the power plant (Knutson, 2004) The installation of the power plant using wastes sugarcane for power generation Project Milestones The project milestones are the main achievements in the project (William, 2005). These milestones are usually important steps achieved during the implementation of the project. Milestone name Milestone description Feasibility study A feasibility study will be carried out so as to establish the financial viability of the project. The main achievements of this feasibility study are To assess the amount of energy that can be generated To determine the space and other site conditions To establish communication and teamwork among all the major partners Project inception This entails the initial activities that will be carried out at the start of the project. These include Development of project charter Development of a scope statement Team selection Formulation of the project plan This will entail the development of the project management plan Selection of the project team members All the team members for the project will be selected. These include: team members, project managers, the project leader and other specialists. Design and configuration of the plant The plant will be designed such that all the equipments and other components are effectively positioned in the right place and all the materials required are identified. Selection of plant The main equipments and machinery will be selected and their specifications examined. This will ensure that the procurement process will be effective and efficient. Some of the main equipments to be purchased include: Boiler- will be used to generate steam. The wastes sugarcane will be feed to the boiler for the purpose of steam generation Heat exchanger – used for cooling Water pump –circulating the steam Turbine – steam is expanded in the turbine producing a rotational motion AC generators- this will be rotated by the turbine and used to generate electricity Wires – connection Power control modules – will be used to control the whole equipment Purchasing of the materials All the materials will be purchased as per the procurement management plan and with regard to the time schedule. Installation The equipments will be installed based on the design specifications and the project schedule developed using project management software . Testing Various machineries such as boilers, turbines and generators will be tested during the installation process. The complete test runs will be run after the installation and any improvements made Training The sugarcane workers, management staff and specialist in power generation will be trained on how to handle and maintain the plant. Commissioning The project will be commissioned and handled over to the sponsor Project completion The project will be wound up. All the machines used ion installation will be handed over to the sugar company. All the financial accounts will be settled upon completion. Projects Constrains Financial constraints.This project has a Budget of 50 million$ and no supplementary budgets or other financial sources included; therefore it is imperative to make proper planning to avoid overspending (Lewis, 2002). Time constraint: the project will be completed within a period of 2 years. This will require proper time management and planning to avoi d extensions and delays which have financial implications. Labor constraint: Availability of manual and skilled labor from the surrounding area may be a challenge. Project Schedule A project schedule indicates the major project milestones, their completion dates, the resources involved and acceptance criteria (Kloppenborg, 2011). Milestone Name Completion date Stakeholders involved Acceptance criteria Project start date September 1st2013 Sugar company managers, project managers, employees and power distribution company Ensure that all the project stakeholders are informed of the project and the comments taken to account Selection of the project team members and coordinators September 10th2013 Project team managers, sponsors and other company managers -Ensure that project team members are well selected -Ensure that all specialists are hired Feasibility study October 30th2013 Project managers, distribution company, power/ electricity specialists and plant technicians Ensure t hat all power plant aspects such as plant size, plant power capacity and other parameters are evaluated Formulation of the project plan November 30th2013 Project managers and project team members Ensure that a detailed Project management plan is developed. all sections must be incorporated Design and configuration of the plant December 20th2013 Project managers, project team members and specialists Ensure that the plant layout and design are completed to the required standards Selection of plant equipments February 15th2013 Specialists in electrical power generations, plant engineers and technicians Ensure that the correct equipment are selected Ensure that the equipments are compatible with each other Purchasing of the materials June 20th2014 Project managers, procurement team, Specialists in electrical power generation, plant engineers and technicians -Ensure that the procurement process is followed strictly such that high quality and affordable equipment are purchased. -E nsure all equipments are delivered on time. Installation February 25th2015 Project managers, procurement team, Specialists in electrical power generation, plant engineers and technicians Ensure all the machines are properly installed as per the design layout Testing April 20th2015 Project managers, procurement team, Specialists in electrical power generation, plant engineers and technicians Ensure that all the equipments are working as per the specifications Training August 1st2015 Specialists in electrical power generation, plant engineers and technicians Ensure that engineers and plant technicians are trained on the new equipment. Commissioning August 30th2015 All stakeholders Hand over the plant to the sponsors Project completion August 30th2015 All stakeholders Finalize all the works Project Risks Financial risk: These may arise due to unforeseen circumstances such as changes in the prices of materials to be used in construction, or changes in the design. They will be overcome by introducing a supplementary budget if needed (Westland, 2007). Faulty equipment: Equipment failure during the construction phase poses a risk to the implementation of the project. This is because of time consumed in repairs and unnecessary work delays (NTG, 2012).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Use of Sugar Wastes to Generate Electricity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Safety Risks: Occurrence of accidents during construction phase is a risk to the workers. Materials procurement risks: Delayed delivery of equipments poses risk of delay in project implementation phases. Items sourced by importation require early planning to avoid delays (Project Management Docs, 2012). Availability of skilled labor and appropriate technology: The scale of project requires advanced technology as well as highly qualified engineers who may not be available in the country (Zhang, 2011). Change Management The proc ess of Change management will be done In accordance with the change management standards. (Burke, 2010) Develop a change log to track all changes occurring in the project cycle. A change order form will be used to record all changes. Assessment of changes must be done to determine impact cost and effect on time of completion. All changes must be reviewed by the project managers and the directors to enable them approve extra funding of the project. The changes must be acceptable to the owner.Changes not approved by the owner will not be implemented (Northrop Grumman Corporation, 2007). Changes affecting the project schedule must be updated on the schedule and on the budget to reflect the effects. Financial Management All financial obligations are borne by the directors of the organization. The managing director has the right to alter the money allocated to the project during the periodic reviews (Project management institute, 2012). Financial management will be handled under three key areas.these are capital budgeting, cost management and cost measurement. Capital Budgeting There are various ways in which capital budgeting can be carried out. This includes cost/benefit analysis, internal rate of return and net present value assessment. A sensitivity analysis will also be carried out (Project Management Professional, 2002).Advertising Looking for essay on project management? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the cost benefit analysis the long run cost of the project is assessed against the potential returns.it will also be assessed by the net present value method and the internal rate of return. (IRR).This analysis will assist the company to determine the viability of the project as well as financial planning. Cost management A cost management plan will be developed that will indicate all costs and management team that will oversee project costs. The project leader will inform the directors on the cumulative costs of the project every month. The total cost of project is estimated at 500 million (Butcher and Demmers, 2003). Cost measurement Costs are managed using the earned value management technique. The measurement metrics to be computed include (US Department of Energy, 2011). Variance from the schedule Cost variance Schedule performance index Performance of cost index. The indexes to be used to determine the cost performance and output expected include; cost variance, earned va lue, schedule variance, schedule performance index and the cost performance index. References American National Standards.(2004). A guide to project management body of  Knowledge third edition. New York: American National Standards. Burke, R., (2010). Fundamentals of Project Management 2nd edition. New York: Burke Publishing. Butcher, N and Demmers, L. (2003). Cost estimation simplified. Retrieved from: http://www.librisdesign.org/docs/CostEstimatSimp.pdf Kloppenborg, J.T.(2011).Contemporary Project Management organize / plan / perform. Mason, OH:South Western, Cengage Learning. Knutson, J.(2004). â€Å"Transition Plans,† PMNetwork 18 (4) 64-80. Lewis, J. (2002). Fundamentals of project Management. New York: AMACOM Margery, M.(2001).Expectations Management: Reconfirming Assumptions; Project  Management for Business Professionals: A Comprehensive Guide. New York: John Wiley Sons Maylor, H. (2001). Project Management, Third Edition. Singapore: Person publishers. Morris, P. (2010). Introduction to Project Management. Retrieved from: http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/44/04708512/0470851244.pdf Northrop Grumman Corporation. (2007). Communication Management Plan. Retrieved from: http://interop.mt.gov/content/docs/IM_Communicatons_Management_Plan_V3.0.pdf NTG. (2012). The Risk Management Process. Retrieved from http://www.det.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/4106/risk_management_process.pdf Project Management Institute. (2012). Project management professional (PMP)  handbook. Retrieved from: http://www.pmi.org/certification/~/media/pdf/certifications/pdc_pmphandbook.ashx Project Management Professional. (2002). Introducing Project Communication  Management. Retrieved from http://www.euroi.ktu.lt/lt/images/stories/Paskaitos/ch10.pdf Project Management Institute.(2013). A Guide to the Project Management Body of  Knowledge. Newtown Square, Pennsylvania: Project management institute Project Management Docs. (2012). Risk management Plan. R etrieved From http://www.projectmanagementdocs.com/template/Risk-Management-Plan.pdf US Department of Energy. (2011). Cost Estimating Guide. Retrieved from: http://science.energy.gov/~/media/opa/pdf/processes-and-procedures/Cost_Estimating_G_413_3_21_final_05092011.pdf US Department of Energy. (2000). Project Management Practices, Work breakdown  Structure. Retrieved from: http://condor.depaul.edu/dmumaugh/readings/handouts/SE477/WorkBreakdownStructure.pdf Westland, J. (2007). The Project Management Life Cycle. Retrieved from: http://www.maxwideman.com/papers/life_cycle/life_cycle.pdf William, R D.(2005). A guide to the Project management body of knowledge. PMI  standards Committees. Newtown Square, PA. Retrieved from: http://www.unipi.gr/akad_tmhm/biom_dioik_tech/files/pmbok.pdf Zhang, H. 2011. Two schools of risk analysis: A review of past research on project risk.  Project Management Journal.42 (4):5 – 18. This essay on The Use of Sugar Wastes to Generate Electricity was written and submitted by user Terrell Huber to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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buy custom Creating a Strong and Stable Kingdom essay Politics and governance is a subject that has been there since creation. There has been a need for governance in any social grouping of humanity. Governance is expected to maintain order in the society while at the same time ensuring justice for all. Hence there have been different forms of governance there has never been a perfect model. Each form of governance has its own flaws ranging from autocracy to democracy. Therefore, the setting up of a strong and stable government can never be achieved by adopting any of the past regimes. It will, therefore, be a combination of different philosophies of governance that can lead to the formation of a successful government. Being a ruler who has just gained power over a large kingdom, it would be important to lay out the structures of governance in a democratic form. It is important to let people have a say in the systems that govern them. This is basically a philosophy that is glued to the democratic concept. It is a case which is comparable to the Persians Empire in that, despite conquering much of the todays Middle East, they treated people relatively respectfully, unlike the Assyrians did that. Generally, engaging people in democratic process gives value and respect to them. To maintain a harmonious existence, it would b essential to acknowledge a diversity amongst people. It would be vital for me to accommodate everybody in the system based on both linguistic and ethnic values as was the case in the Assyrian and Persian empires. I am mostly confident that these aspects matter, if this large kingdom is to be maintained. This is the only way to cooperate with the subjects. Having respect for the local cultures and the creation of a multicultural government would be my main objective before stricter rules can be applied. It is not possible to meet the needs of everyone, but the majority group can be sorted out in such a process that invites the participation of the people in governance. Well, I would not be very liberal through a democratic process. It would be important to establish arms that will execute the leadership like the Assyrians. The throne should be respected, since the human nature is sometimes uncontrollable. A militaristic arm of the government would work on well to deal with deviants amongst people. This kind of approach would help in setting a good example of how the contraveners of law will be treated. This will be an important aspect in maintaining respect and honor to the highest throne in the Kingdom. I strongly believe that a government without power is doomed to fail and thus ruling like an Assyrian in terms of military authority would be pruudent. This is not to actually brutalize anyone one, but to make sure that people exhibit calmness and stay away from trouble. State and religion were in most cases inseparable in the past. However, people have different beliefs and religious predispositions in the contemporary society. For this government, therefore, I shall separate religion from the government. It will take the form of a polytheist regime for purposes of giving people freedom and right of worship based on democracy. This will be of great help, because matters of religion have in the recent part negatively affected politics across the world. Free will of humans will be fully exercised but with limits. The limits will apply, because if all freedom is given, human actions would be destructive. Just like the Persians, people will have free will of choice and will certainly meet the consequences of whatever they choose to do. Generally, this government will seek to serve the rights of the people of the land by taking them through a democratic process to choose their leaders. They will also be given the free will to choose what they want but with clear directives on religion, culture and laws of the land. A military arm will be used to restore sanity in the event that a person will be found contravening the law. Buy custom Creating a Strong and Stable Kingdom essay

The Designer of the Statue of Liberty

The Designer of the Statue of Liberty Frederic Auguste Bartholdi, best known for designing the Statue of Liberty, had a diverse background that inspired his career as a sculptor and monument creator.   Early Life Frederic Auguste Bartholdi’s father died soon after he was born, leaving Bartholdi’s mother to pack up the family home in Alsace and move to Paris, where he received his education. As a young man, Bartholdi became something of an artistic polymath. He studied architecture. He studied painting. And then he became enthralled by the artistic field that would occupy and define the rest of his life: Sculpture. A Budding Interest in History and Liberty Germany’s seizure of Alsace in the Franco-Prussian War seemed to ignite in Bartholdi a fierce interest in one of the  founding French principles: Liberty. He joined the Union Franco-Americaine, a group dedicated to fostering and commemorating the commitments to independence and liberty that united the two republics. The Idea for the Statue of Liberty As the centennial of America’s independence approached, French historian Edouard Laboulaye, a fellow member of the group, suggested presenting the United States with a statue commemorating the alliance of France and the United States during the American Revolution. Bartholdi signed on and made his proposal. The group approved it and set about raising more than a million francs for its construction. About the  Statue of Liberty The statue is constructed of copper sheets assembled on a framework of steel supports designed by Eugene-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc and Alexandre-Gustave Eiffel. For transit to America, the figure was disassembled into 350 pieces and packed in 214 crates. Four months later, Bartholdi’s statue, â€Å"Liberty Enlightening the World,† arrived in New York Harbor on June 19, 1885, almost ten years after the centennial of America’s independence. It was reassembled and erected on Bedloes Island (renamed Liberty Island in 1956) in New York Harbor. When finally erected, the Statue of Liberty stood more than 300 feet high. On October 28, 1886, President Grover Cleveland dedicated the Statue of Liberty before thousands of spectators. Since the 1892 opening of nearby Ellis Island Immigration Station, Bartholdis Liberty has welcomed more than 12,000,000 immigrants to America. Emma Lazaruss famous lines, engraved on the statues pedestal in 1903, are linked to our conception of the statue Americans call Lady Liberty: Give me your tired, your poor,Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me - Emma Lazarus, The New Colossus, 1883 Bartholdis Second-Best Work Liberty Enlightening the World was not Bartholdi’s only well-known creation. Perhaps his second-best-known work, the Bartholdi Fountain, is in Washington, DC.

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Genetically Modified Crops - Essay Example Some have termed the genetically manipulated crops ‘frankenfoods’ and have questioned the potential harm to people and the environment that could come from their production. This discussion will answer these questions regarding the safety of these foods and present an overview of bioengineered foods. Bioengineering food involves â€Å"splicing a gene from one organism, such as a bacterium, into a plant or animal to confer certain traits† (Muth et al, 2002). These traits, developed for agricultural crops such as corn, soybeans, canola and cotton include increasing nutrients, tolerance to herbicides and drought, resistance to fungus and insects and reduced spoilage. Bioengineered corn and soybeans have become increasingly widespread among farmers during the last decade and the products can be commonly found in most grocery stores. Companies that engineer and produce bioengineered foods as well as manufacturers that choose to use these foods in their ingredients are faced with a stringent and ever-developing regulatory oversight by three government agencies; the USDA (U.S. Department of Agriculture), the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) and the FDA (Food and Drug Administration). Which agency regulates a particular product is determined by the intended use of the crop. Very often, a product is regulated by multiple agencies. The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, a division of the USDA monitors products and organisms that affect plants. Products and organisms derived from bioengineering methods introduced to or manufactured in the U.S. require USDA identification. This agency then determines if the item in question is a ‘regulated article’ or a possible disease. If the USDA decides that the product or crop is to be regulated, â€Å"a written approval usually is issued that designates conditions for introduction of the article† (McCammon,

Intellectual Property Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Intellectual Property Law - Essay Example In today’s marketplace, IP is not an afterthought, but an issue at the management and the board level, since it has shareholder value consequences. The critical value of high quality IP strategies cannot be overlooked, since it has the capability of fostering innovation and giving an organization a competitive edge and advantage. Licensing of IP, at a time when companies are considering other technological and commercial models, as is the case in the energy sector where most companies are considering climate-friendly technologies, can help protect a business from unnecessary lawsuits and legal battles, and provide an important source of revenue. This paper offers Greentech Ltd, a low carbon technology, energy firm, advice with regard to the management of its Intellectual Property portfolio, and proposes an a high quality IP strategy the firm can rely on in the management of any future innovations, especially in the area of Low Carbon Technology. The proposed IP strategy is aim ed at enabling Greentech Ltd to maximize its Research Division innovative outputs. Additionally, the strategy is targeted at enabling the acquisition of innovative ideas and research outputs of persons who are not employed by Greentech Ltd, and facilitation of entry of such ideas and other new ideas into the market at a faster rate. The paper is divided into three parts; Part I offers a brief background of Greentech Ltd current IP holdings and status, Part II outlines recommendations with regard to how Greentech should manage its current Intellectual Property Portfolio, while Part III describes a high quality IP strategy that Greentech will rely on in the management of any future innovations, especially in the area of Low Carbon Technology. Part One: Background and Introduction Background Greentech Ltd at present has various Intellectual Property holdings; it has, over the years licensed various technologies, specifically, it holds 20 licenses, from other parties as a way of enhanci ng its research projects. The company continues to pay, as is contained in the licensing contracts, royalties for all the 20 licenses; however, some of those IP holdings are no longer needed. Greentech Ltd has in the past has licensed certain technologies to other firms without proper initial exploration and research of the market to ascertain how to strike a better deal for the firm. The company, as part of its culture, has always endeavoured to ensure that all its research outputs are patented, and that those patents are sustained. This it has done even in cases where some patents have failed to yield substantial returns. Currently, Greentech Ltd holds 10 patents, all of which were granted between the year 2000 and 2011. The firm has recently developed a new and a potential market-leading technology, that is patentable; however, given the estimated cost, ?10 million, of further development, the firm is unable to fund further development of the technology. The firm has very poorly drafted employment contracts, which is not strict on confidentiality issues; as a result the employees who leave are not in any way deterred from taking confidential information with them. Additionally, Greentech Ltd has failed, in some cases, to use non-disclosure agreements, or in some cases, has used them in a

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NAME: SHASHEEN POTHULA UMID: 17726116 1.) Zhai and Kristensson identify five motivating principles for their design. Consider T-9 input for entering text on a cell phone keypad, in predictive text mode. How would a proponent of T-9 address these principles? Do all apply? Text input constitutes one of the most frequent computer user tasks. Several input techniques were developed from QWERTY keyboard to the hand writing recognition systems and the virtual keyboards, but all of them have limitations. Shumin Zhai and Per-Ola Kristensson have proposed in their paper a new method that can help in fast typing for large vocabulary. They named their method SHARK which is stand for shorthand aided rapid keyboarding. This method basically offered writing on keyboard by identifying the typing gestures. It also defines and recognizes a symbol for each word by the way of movement pattern that it has been typed without taping on letters. The key five motivating principles involved in SHARK design are: ïÆ'Ëœ Scale and location independency ïÆ'Ëœ Efficiency ïÆ'Ëœ Durability ïÆ'Ëœ Zipf’s law effect ïÆ'Ëœ Transition from tapping to gesturing Predictive text entry is used to try to predict the word a user is typing before they ï ¬ nish entering all its characters. One or more predictions are normally presented to the user as they type, allowing them to select a correct choice before they ï ¬ nish entering their word. When successful, predictive text entry can improve both speed and accuracy. T9 short for Text on 9 keys—was one of the ï ¬ rst predictive text methods, used on feature phones with a number pad, where each number corresponds to multiple letters, identical to the number-to-letter mapping used on traditional landline phones. Prior to T9, users would e... ...ctive to learning stylus keyboarding although the rate of expansion and the unit of training in stylus keyboarding needed further investigation. Speed writing is an old research topic with renewed interest due to the need of using mobile computing devices. To write a significant amount of text, natural writing is too slow and stylus keyboarding is tedious and visually demanding. Usually there are two types of classes namely novice and experts. The novice users may find a little difficult to memorize the gestures but the experts does not feel so. But in the case of SHARK, even the novice users were able to memorize and started using the gestures with in less time and the number of words typed per minute increased drastically. By this we can say that SHARK can be used by every user with less hard work and it is one of the best human interfaces used for words typing.

Quazi

African Journal of Business Management Vol. 5(27), pp. 11005-11010, 9 November, 2011 Available online at http://www. academicjournals. org/AJBM DOI: 10. 5897/AJBM11. 326 ISSN 1993-8233  ©2011 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Impact of working capital on firms’ profitability Hassan Aftab Qazi1*, Syed Muhammad Amir Shah2, Zaheer Abbas3 and Tanzeela Nadeem4 1 University of Central Punjab, Lahore 1-Khayaban-e-Jinnah Road, M. A. Johar Town, Lahore, Pakistan. 2 Illama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 3 Islamic International University, Islamabad, Pakistan.Accepted 20 April, 2011 The correlation between working capital and profitability of firms is analyzed for the management of cash cycle management. Working capital is made by the three important factors, debtor, creditor and stock. When we include cash conversion cycle (CCC) to working capital then it becomes working capital management (WCM). Two sectors are selected as a sample size: automobile and oil and gas sector. The time period is from 2004 – 2009. Different variables affecting the profitability of firms are selected.In this study, networking capital, inventory turnover in days, average account receivable and financial asset to total assets (FATA) are taken as independent variables. The result shows positive movement of working capital (WC) on firm’s profitability. R shows the fitness of the model which is 49. 95%. The independent variables explain 49. 95% of the model. Key words: Working capital management (WCM), cash conversion cycle (CCC), account receivable (AR). INTRODUCTION A good number of firms have put sufficient cash in working capital. Working capital management (WCM) is an important factor of financial management (FM).Debtor, creditor and inventory are the major components of working capital (WC). Large stock and trade credit policy can increase the sales volume. Inventory is the main part of the working capital. Increase in the inventory will give dec rease in the risk of stock out. Inventory is done for fulfilling the demand of the public. Inventory is the liability of the company to sell it. The other element of working capital (WC) is accounts payable (AP). Firms can check the quality of the products provided by the producer by giving them late payment, whether it is suitable for the firm or not.Late payments create very bad impression of the firm in the market. Accounts receivable is also the major part of the working capital. Delay in the days of receivable creates more complication for the company. Working capital management is still taken lightly by some companies. It works as a key to free the cash from stock, accounts payable (AP) and accounts receivable (AR). To deal with the less important aspects of efficient and effective Working Capital (WC), firms can sharply reduce the out sourcing and they can save the money for future investment or opportunities.This can create more financial flexibility and increase the worth o f the firm by reducing capital employed (Buchmann and Jung, 2008). This study basically focuses on the long run financial decisions, future investments and allocations of funds, dividends and valuation of the firm in the stock market. However, balance sheet components assets and liabilities are significant in short term planning and they need to be carefully analyzed by the firm. Short term assets and liabilities are managed carefully by working capital management (WCM) for the growth of the firm’s profitability (Smith, 1980).For creating good worth of the share in front of shareholders, firms have to manage working capital efficiently and effectively. Working capital management process starts from the purchase of raw material up to the sales of the goods. It creates significant impact on the profitability and liquidity of the firms (Shin and Soenen, 1998). Net working capital (NWC) and gross working capital (GWC) are the two major concepts of working capital (WC). The total current assets and *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email  protected] com. Tel: +92-42-35880007 or +923334604314. 11006 Afr. J. Bus. Manage. orking capital (WC) can be replaced as a Gross working capital of the firm. By subtracting Current Liabi-lities from Current Assets it becomes Net Working Capital. Net working capital (NWC) can also be used to measure the liquidity but it is not useful when firms are compared with each other regarding performance, but useful in measuring the internal control of the firm. The net working capital helps to compare the liquidity of previous record of the firm performance. The main purpose of the working capital management (WCM) is to make the sustainable level of the working capital (WC) which is favorable for the firm.Net working capital (NWC) is the part of the currents assets which is main-tained through funds having maturity life more than one year. Current assets represent the source of short terms funds. If the firm has less short term funds then it is supported by long term funds and sustains the firm value and market share price. This is very useful for the ana-lysis of trade between profitability and risk in the shares of the firm. Positive working capital (PWC) and Negative Working Capital (NWC) are the two possible signs. Positive working capital (PWC) is the sign of firm healthiness.Positive working capital (PWC) means that firm have the ability to pay the liabilities which maturity date are less than one year of the firm on due date. Positive working capital (PWC) is calculated by comparing Current Assets (CA) by current liabilities (CL). Negative Working Capital is the sign of firm weakness. Negative working capital means that company does not have the ability to pay the short term liabilities. When the Working Capital (WC) shows negative sign, it indicates long term funds support the short term funds and firm can easily pay the obligations on due date and save the value or worth of firm in the market.But in th e different case, firm declining means bankruptcy. If declining working capital ratio continues for longer period then it can affect the firm value. If the firm efficiency is more in the operation, the more increase in working capital (WC). It can be analyzed by comparing the operation of working capital (WC) periodically. Working capital is raised from profits or outsourcing. Outsourcing means when there are more sales in the season but the firm is not able to invest and produce more products.From outsourcing, more liabilities arise but on the other way from investing more, revenue will generate from more sales and it will increase the assets of the firm. Working Capital Management (WCM) has its impact on profitability as well as liquidity of the company and the primary goal of a company is to increase the annual revenues. Keeping the company liquid is an extremely main task also. Increase in company profitabiliy by reducing the liquidity of the company can bring some serious probl ems for it. Goals cannot be ignored at any cost because each individual goal has its own importance. If goal of maximizing the profit is gnored, survival is not possible for a longer time. Similarly, if liquidity objective is ignored, insolvency or bankruptcy could be faced. Because of these bases, proper attention should be given to Working Capital Management (WCM) which affects the companies profits and through this, it will show the effect of the Working Capital (WC) on profitability (PRT). The research problem of this study is: does working capital have significant impact on profitability of a company? The objective of this reseach is to find out the correlation between working capital and profitability (PRT) through statistical analysis of a sample of listed companies.The purpose of this research is to analyze the impact of traditional working capital policies (WCP) on the profitability (PRT) of the firms, to analyze whether Working Capital Policies (WCP) can become stable over a long run-up and to draw a conclusion about the impact of working capital on the profitability of companies. LITERATURE REVIEW A significant portion of financial research is concerned with the Management of working capital (MWC). This issue has been investigated at both theoretical and empirical levels. Different researchers have worked on working capital from different perspectives and in different economic environment.The environments and perspectives are discussed in detail in this work. This paper is conducted for the association between working capital (WC) and value creation for shareholders. Working capital has three parts. First, account receivable; second, account payable; and third, inventory. Account receivable is a part of balance sheet, placed in the Asset Side (AS) and it is the inflows of firm. Account receivable is maintained when a company makes sales on credit bases. Account payable is also the part of the balance sheet, placed on the liabilities side and also th e outflows of the firm.Account payable is maintained when a company do sum expenditures on the credit bases and make a payment on different terms. Inventory is maintained for generating the revenues from sales. The standard measure for working capital management (WCM) is cash conversion cycle (CCC). Cash conversion period reflects the time span between disbursement and collection of cash. Cash Conversion Cycle (CCC) is based on three components: number of days of account receivable, number of day of accounts payable and number of day of inventory. It is measured by the sum of inventory conversion period less payable conversion period.Different researchers use the name like net trade cycle for calculating the Working Capital Management (WCM). In this, every component is calculated in percenttage of sales (Soenen, 1998). Qazi et al. 11007 In Marc’s view most firms invest cash in working capital (WC) and it shows that the management of Working Capital leaves good impression on t he Profitability of firms. Similarly, firm’s Working Capital Management (WCM) is a major part of financial positions. It helps the firms in maximizing their wealth and value of the shares. Larger inventory and trade policy can make higher sales for the firm.Large inventory reduces the risk of stock out for fulfilling the demand of the public. By providing credit sales to the customers, suppliers have significant cost advantage over financial institution (Deloof, 2002). Different researchers have different views that they test on the working capital. There is a positive correlation between account receivable and operating income of firm. Because if the good provided on credit bases then the days of the accounts receivable will not be for long period. On the basis of the accounts receivable, firms running their operations can meet the payment on due date.Efficient liquidity management (ELM) is a process which includes planning and controlling of current assets (CA) and current liabilities (CL). Liquidity and profitability of firm have great relation with each other. This relationship can be analyzed by current ratio (CR) and cash gap (CG) (Abdual, 2007). Firms short terms liabilities are directly related to the former while the continuity of liabilities is concerned with the latter. Higher investment blocked in stock and accounts receivable creates problem for operation. Decrease in number of days of account receivable gives increase in early eserves (Padachi, 2006). Financial managers can gain profit by maintaining component of cash conversion cycle (CCC) at a higher level (Nazir and Afza, 2009). If the inventory gets to the minimum level and the number of days account receivable (NDAR) also becomes minimum, then firms can increase their profits and run their project efficiently and effectively (Abdul, 2007). The policies of working capital management can help to measure the WC. If the policies which the firm is going to implement are very strict and hel pful for the firm then the firm will not bear losses or stock out or less short term assets.The financing policies mean how to allocate the revenue to different departments and after how many days the firm is going to receive their payments and ability to pay his own payments. The share value can be created by the financial managers if they efficiently manage through conservative approach (Nazir and Afza, 2009). Different researchers use different analysis models. For empirical investigation, the anova and Pearson correlation analysis is applied. From these models, firm size and cash cycle can be measured easily.It is easy to measure the efficiency of working capital management (WCM), performance evaluation and the whole efficiency of the firm by setting up their targets. For calculating the overall efficiency of the firm, the target has to be achieved in limited time period. Researchers use pooled data for the analysis. In the pooled data, different independent variables such as re gress combine with the dependent variable (Zariyawati, 2009). The financial leverage and growth in sales are the major factor of firm profitability. Firms have to select the best policy to improve their collection and payment period.Efficient management financing of working capital can increase their operational profitability (Abdul, 2010). After studying the above articles, it is seen that the results of all researchers are the same on working capital management (WCM) and profitability (PRT) regardless of different companies, environments and situations. METHODOLOGY This research is to analyze the impact of working capital (WC) on the profitability (PRT) of oil and gas and automobile industry with reference to Pakistan. Different statistical tools are applied to analyze the significance of the variables. So, the method of coefficient of correlation has been selected.Regression analysis is applied for testing the model reliability and significant relationship between variables. Data set and sample Two sectors are selected from Karachi Stock Exchange. The first is oil and gas and the second is automobile sector. A total of 20 companies are taken as sample for the data collection, which are collected from different sources. They are taken from 2004 – 2009 from the annual report. Some data are collected from the State Bank of Pakistan (SBP). State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) provides an analysis report of different sectors and companies which were listed in Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE).In this study, different variables are taken to measure the working capital (WC). Working Capital is taken as independent variable (WC) while profitability is taken as dependent variable (PRT). In this case, profit after tax is taken as profitability of firms. Working Capital can be measured by different ways. First is net working capital (NWC), which is measured by current assets (CA), divided by current liabilities (CL). Second is inventory turnover in days (ITID), which is cal culated by inventory divided by Cost of Goods Sold (CGS) and multiplied by 365.Third is number of day of accounts receivable (AAR), which is calculated by other current assets divided by sale and multiplied by 365. Forth is financial asset to total assets (FATA), which is calculated by adding cash and investment and the whole divided by total assets. In addition, current ratio (CR), debt to equity ratio (DER) and sales natural logarithm (LOS) are taken as control variable in this analysis. All the aforementioned variables are affecting the Working Capital, Working Capital Management (WCM) and it will have negative or positive impact on the profitability of the firms.Hypotheses testing The objective of this research is to examine the impact of Working Capital (WC) on the profitability of firms. Figure 1 shows the impact 11008 Afr. J. Bus. Manage. Figure 1. Impact of Working Capital on Profitability. of working capital on profitability† H1: Working capital has positive effect on the profitability of firms. H0: Working capital has no positive effect on the profitability of firms. Model specification In this study, panel data regression analysis and time series of data are taken. For the regression analysis, pooled data are used.In this pooled data, all variables are combined on the same level and selected variables are grouped as independent and dependent variables. After that, all variables are selected for regression and correlation analysis. Model equation PRT it = ? 0 + ? 1 (AAR it) + ? 2 (ITID it) + ? 3 (CR it) + ? 4 (DER it) + ? 5 (LOS it) + ? 6 (FATA it) + ? 7 (NWC it) + ? PRTi t = Net Profit t; i = 1- 20 firms. ?0 : Beta ? i: Coefficients X it X it: Independent variables i at time t t: Time = 1-5 years. ?: The error term Whereas, AAR = Average Account Receivable ITID = Inventory Turnover in Days CR = Current Ratio LOS = Sales logarithmFATA = Financial Assets to Total Assets NWC = Net Working Capital DER = Debt Equity Ratio Qualitative analyses In th is paper, two analyses are applied. First, correlation and statistical tools are applied in these data. We select person correlation model for this study to find out the degree of correlation among dependent and independent variables. In the regression analysis, we gather the data from annual reports and turn it to the same level. This gathering of data is called pooled data. For this analysis, we select E-views software to analyze it correctly in the case of pooled data.DATA ANALYSIS AND REGRESSION RESULTS The correlation and determination coefficients are the measures of the regression model. First, correlation coefficient (49. 95%) and the determination coefficient (26. 12%) show the degree of correlation among working capital and profitability of selected firms from oil and gas and automobile sector over 2004 – 2009. The standard error value is 6. 5926 and F-statistics value is 5. 4213 which is significant at 1% and shows 100% fitness of the model (Table 1). Similarly, th e Durbin-Watson statistics is 1. 9991 which clearly defines that there is no serial correlation in this regression model.Table 2 shows the estimation results of the six antecedents for the independent variable of working capital at Qazi et al. 11009 Table 1. Model summary. R R2 Adjusted R-squared Standard Error of Estimate Durbin-Watson statistics F statistics 0. 499599 0. 261211 0. 213029 6. 592679 1. 991426 5. 421362 Table 2. Estimation results. Variable NWC NDAR ITID FATA DER CR Means 23. 58595 129. 4913 75. 80012 0. 217936 17. 96434 18. 85266 SD 8. 415465 351. 7532 143. 2339 0. 191679 3. 368055 0. 597391 T stats 4. 520358 0. 254527 0. 937944 -0. 477942 -0. 554939 0. 096545 Remarks Sig Not Sig Not Sig Not Sig Not Sig Not Sig Table 3.Correlation matrix. PROFIT NWC NDAR ITID FATA DER CR PROFIT 1. 000000 0. 474400 0. 109619 0. 112621 -0. 124623 -0. 201328 -0. 217375 NWC 1. 000000 -0. 086246 -0. 125120 -0. 054646 -0. 308676 -0. 397314 NDAR IITD FATA DER CR 1. 000000 0. 748882 -0. 190 807 -0. 095937 -0. 040053 1. 000000 -0. 311687 0. 061122 -0. 118921 1. 000000 0. 078238 0. 396036 1. 000000 0. 008978 1. 000000 1% significance level. The results show that Net Working Capital (NWC) has positive and significant impact on the Profitability (PRT) of firms and the rest of the variables explain the behavior of profitability but have no significant impact on profitability.In the correlation results shown in Table 3, networking capital has strong positive relationship with profitability of firms while number of days of account receivable (NDAR) and Inventory turnover in days (ITD) are positive but have weak correlation power with profitability of firms; financial assets to total assets (FATA), debt equity ratio (DER) and current ratio (CR) are weak and negatively correlate with the Profitability (PRT) of the firms.But the correlation results of independent variables somehow showed positive and strong correlation of inventory turnover in days (ITD) with number of days acco unt receivable (NDAR) and a strong but negative correlation of current ratio with net working capital; the remaining variables correlate but are weak in both the positive and negative sense, thus the concept of colinearity does not exist among the variables as evident by the analysis results. Conclusion This study is the relationship of working capital (WC) and profitability (PRT) of firms. orking capital (WC) is the major portion of the balance sheet. In this paper, data are collected form Annual Reports (AR) and analysis report which is provided from the State Bank of Pakistan (SBP). In this analysis report, the companies which are listed in stock exchange are analyzed and summarized. In this research, oil and gas and automobile sectors are taken 11010 Afr. J. Bus. Manage. as sample. Data are taken from 2004 – 2009. In this research, R shows the fitness of model which is 49. 95%. The independent variables explain 49. 95% of the model.In the regression results, only net work ing capital is positive and significant and Number of Days of Account Receivable (NDAR) and Inventory Turnover in Days (ITD) are positive but insignificant; and all other independent variables are negative and insignificant. In the correlation results, networking capital is positively correlated with profitability of the firms. The other two variables are weakly correlated with the profitability of firms and the other three independent variables are negatively correlated with profitability of firms.Hence, the empirical results of the paper show the positive trend of working capital on profitability of the firms. The results are supported by previous studies of Rahman (2007) and Nazir and Afza (2009) and Deloof (2002) on the Working Capital (WC). REFERENCES Abdual RMN (2007). Working Capital Management And Profitability – Case Of. Int. Rev. Bus. Res. Papers, pp. 279-300. Abdul RMN (2007). Working Capital Management And Profitability – Case Of Pakistani Firms. Int. Rev. Bus. Res. Papers, pp. 79-300. Abdul RTA (2010). Working Capital Management and Corporate Performance of Manufacturing Sector in Pakistan. Int. Res. J. Finan. Econ. , 47: 152. Buchmann P, Jung U (2008). Best-practice working capital management: Techniques for optimizing inventories, receivables, and payables. Q. Financ. , pp. 1-7. Deloof M (2002). Does Working Capital Management Affect Profitability of Belgian Firms? investopedia. com. (2010). Working capital : definations; negative working capital, positive working capital.Retrieved October 10, 2010, from www. investopedia. com: http://www. investopedia. com/terms/w/workingcapital. asp. Nazir S, Afza T (2009). Impact of Aggressive Working Capital Management Policy on Firms’ Profitability. J. Applied Manage . Padachi K (2006). Trends in Working Capital Management and its Impact on Firms’ Performance: An Analysis of Mauritian Small Manufacturing Firms. Int. Rev. Bus. Res. Papers, pp. 45 -58. Shin HH, Soenen L (1998). Eff iciency of working capital management and corporate profitability.Financ. Pract. Educ. , pp. 37-45. Smith K (1980). Profitability versus liquidity tradeoffs in working capital management, in readings on the management of working capital. ST. Pual,New York: West Publishing Company. Soenen S (1998). Liquidity management, operating performance, and corporate value: evidence from Japan and Taiwan. J Multi. Manage. , 159-169. Zariyawati MN (2009). Working capital management and corporate performance:Case of Malaysia. J. Modern Account. Audit. , 5(11): 4754.

Facts That Lead To Poverty Th Essay - 1912 Words

Poverty occurs in most parts of the world. Nevertheless, the more serious and problematical poverty takes part in the third world and the southern parts of the globe. First of all, we have to clearly define the word amp;#8220;poverty;. In a broad sense, it means that people within this amp;#8220;poverty; region are poor or have a lower average income per capita than other regions. To a deeper approach, we refer amp;#8220;poverty; as people have low educational backgrounds, lack of food supplies, or people with lower standard of livings, etc. According to the Websteramp;#8217;s New World Dictionary, the word amp;#8220;poverty; can be defined as: 1) the condition or quality of being poor 2) deficiency; inadequacy 3) scarcity†¦show more content†¦This can be explained by the amp;#8220;chain-effect; of poverty and hunger. If people are poor, they wonamp;#8217;t have enough to produce in order to exchange for money. Without money, they will suffer from hunger and famine and not b e able to produce efficiently due to their lack of energy. Now that we can see the problem is magnetized. The other issues that rise poverty in Africa is the irrational economical policies and huge amount of financial debts. amp;#8220;According to U.N. Economic Commission for Africa, the debt-service obligations within African countries dedicating an estimated 34 percent of the income generated by the export of goods and services to interest payments.; (Reeves p.115) We can see that many of the incomes generated by the working forces are obligating for the foreign debt payments. One of the irrational policies that spread hunger in Africa is the structural adjustment program (SAPs): amp;#8230;promoted by the World Bank and other donors. Central to adjustment programs, cuts in government food subsidies have triggered riots in many African capitals during the last several years and have meant that many families are unable to purchase sufficient amounts of bread, sugar, or other basic commoditiesamp;#8230; Throughout the continent, SAPs have called for the reduction of the often-bloated civil service sector, triggering widespread urban unemployment, and have also prescribed repeated currency devaluation, thus reducing the purchasingShow MoreRelatedThe Exploitation Of The Natural Environment986 Words   |  4 PagesDespite the fact that efforts were made in the past to entrench the rights of the people, people are still born into a miserable life with no possibilities of escaping of poverty, while others may inherit fortunes and financial freedom empires. Inequality, like the gap between the rich and the poor, has never been as critical as it is a present. 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